“…This study applies five continuous test functions that are frequently used in the literature to be the comparative benchmark of measured algorithms. The experiment involves the following five benchmark problems: B2, Griewank, Rosenbrock (Shelokar et al ), sphere (Akpinar and Baykasoglu ), and the Mackey‐Glass time series (Whitehead and Choate ) continuous test functions, which are defined in Table . In addition, the research for the retrieved time step (i.e., t ) ranged from 118 to 1,118 with the Mackey‐Glass time series function, from which 1,000 samples were generated randomly (Whitehead and Choate ).…”