“…Many remarkable algorithms have been proposed: sample enhancement algorithm [44], sample visual expansion algorithm [40, 45–47], general learning framework algorithm [48, 49], feature subspace algorithm [26, 50–55] etc. Some single face sample feature extraction algorithms have been studied and applied to face recognition: multi‐directional orthogonal gradient phase [45], multi‐resolution feature fusion [40], super‐resolution subspace projection [46], joint kernel regression and adaptive dictionary learning [47]. Some improved local feature extraction algorithms also have been applied to single face recognition: local binary pattern (LBP) pyramid [50, 51], local ternary patterns (LTPs) [52], local structure‐based image decomposition [53], fusion of local normalisation and Gabor entropy weighted features [26], local difference binary [50], scale‐adaptive directional and textural features [55, 56], Weber synergistic centre‐surround pattern [57], orthogonal symmetric local Weber graph structure [58].…”