Multiple cell death modalities and their key features (Review)

Abstract

Cell death, as a final cellular decision which is reached following complex communications, represents a critical process with which to maintain organismic homeostasis. Different classifications and nomenclatures have brought considerable confusion to cell death determination. In the present review article, the hallmarks of different cell death modes are systematically described and are fitted into a simple classification system, where the cell death entities are primarily categorized into programmed cell death (PCD) or non-PCD based on their signal dependency. PCD can be further categorized as apoptotic cell death or non-apoptotic cell death. Programmed apoptosis consists of apoptosis, as well as anoikis. Multiple mechanisms and phenotypes compose programmed non-apoptotic cell death, including vacuole-presenting cell death (autophagy, entosis, methuosis and paraptosis), mitochondrial-dependent cell death (mitoptosis and parthanatos), iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis), immune-reactive cell death (pyroptosis and NETosis), as well as other types, such as necroptosis. Finally, necrosis represents a form of non-programmed cell death. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Non-programmed cell death 3. Programmed apoptotic cell death 4. Programmed non-apoptotic cell death 5. Implications of cell death in human diseases 6. Conclusions and perspectives

Mechanisms for Modulating Anoikis Resistance in Cancer and the Relevance of Metabolic Reprogramming

“…Cell death is a vital occurrence as it facilitates the development and differentiation of tissues, clearance of harmful or damaged cells, and maintenance of homeostasis (6,7). Some studies had highlighted that cell death a regulated event and categorized it as programmed cell death (PCD) and non-PCD based on the biochemical and molecular signaling activities within and without cell milieu (8)(9)(10). PCD includes both apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death.…”

“…Apoptotic cell death (apoptosis and anoikis) mainly occurs through the activation of caspase while non-apoptotic cell deaths are independent of caspase (9,10). Furthermore, non-apoptotic cell death includes entosis, methuosis, paraptosis, mitotopsis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, netosis, necrosis, and autophagic cell death as mentioned in the previous studies (9,10). On the other hand, non-PCD, also known as accidental cell death, is a type of death resulting from an unpredicted or unforeseen cell injury (8,9).…”

Programmed Cell Death. Review and Its Impact in Covid-19

“…These initiator caspases in turn activate the effector caspases that activate endonucleases that degrade the nuclear material, and the proteins of the "core" and of the cytoskeleton, generating the cytomorphological changes already described. These executor caspases are 3, 6 and 7 and this executor pathway is common to extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis [8].…”

Metformin and Androgen Receptor-Axis-Targeted (ARAT) Agents Induce Two PARP-1-Dependent Cell Death Pathways in Androgen-Sensitive Human Prostate Cancer Cells

“…In addition to caspase-dependent apoptosis, alternative models of programmed cell death (PCD) have been proposed [18][19][20]. Apoptotic cell death can proceed through the activation of both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways.…”