Multiple causes of interannual sea surface temperature variability in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean

Richter, Ingo; Behera, Swadhin K.; Masumoto, Yukio; Taguchi, Bunmei; Sasaki, Hideharu; Yamagata, Toshio

doi:10.1038/ngeo1660

Cited by 128 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Keenlyside and Latif 2007;Richter et al 2013). Two important details that could contribute to this apparent discrepancy are (1) that these studies used different datasets and periods for their analysis, and (2) that their evidence is based on yearly or seasonal data.…”

Section: Feedback Strengths In the Tropical Atlanticmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Keenlyside and Latif 2007;Burls et al 2011;Lübbecke and McPhaden 2012;Richter et al 2013). Obvious are the differences in timing characteristics: Both positive and negative ENSO events generally peak in boreal winter and last for several months and in some cases even longer than a year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the width of the ocean basin, the Kelvin wave transmission can happen on a time scale on the order of months. In the tropical Atlantic, Keenlyside and Latif (2007) and Richter et al (2013), among others, have shown that wind variability in the western ocean basin precedes SST variability in the eastern ocean basin by about 1 month in boreal spring. In the tropical Pacific, this delay is longer due to the larger basin size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

On the relationship between Atlantic Niño variability and ocean dynamics

Dippe

Greatbatch

Ding³

2017

Clim Dyn

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Section: Feedback Strengths In the Tropical Atlanticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

On the relationship between Atlantic Niño variability and ocean dynamics

Dippe

Greatbatch

Ding³

2017

Clim Dyn

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“…Several studies have demonstrated that even though weaker than in the Pacific, the Bjerknes feedback is active in the equatorial Atlantic [e.g., Zebiak, 1993;Keenlyside and Latif, 2007;Lübbecke and McPhaden, 2013;Deppenmeier et al, 2016]. Other mechanisms that have been discussed involve meridional advection of temperature anomalies [Richter et al, 2013], forcing from equatorial deep jets [Brandt et al, 2011b], and heat flux forcing [Nnamchi et al, 2015]. Despite the differences that exist between ENSO and the Atlantic Niño mode, our working hypothesis, based on several studies like those cited above, is that the Bjerknes feedback plays a central role in the equatorial Atlantic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symmetry of the Atlantic Niño mode

Lübbecke

McPhaden²

2017

Geophysical Research Letters

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El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific is asymmetric for warm and cold events with respect to amplitude, spatial patterns, and temporal evolution. Here the symmetry of the Atlantic Niño mode, which many previous studies have argued is governed by atmosphere‐ocean dynamics similar to those of ENSO, is investigated using two different ocean reanalysis products. Calculation of Bjerknes feedback terms for the Pacific reveals a pronounced asymmetry between warm and cold events, though unlike most previous studies, the largest asymmetry is found in the relationship between eastern Pacific thermocline depth and sea surface temperature anomalies. For the Atlantic, cold events are effectively mirror images of warm events with Bjerknes feedbacks of similar strength. The analysis supports not only the conclusion that Atlantic Niños are more symmetric than ENSO but also the hypothesis itself that the Bjerknes feedback is operative in the Atlantic given the strength of the relationship between the key variables involved.

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“…A link between the equatorial mode and the meridional mode has also been suggested by Servain et al (1999). A recent study (Richter et al 2012) distinguishes two types of Atlantic Niño referred as canonical Atlantic Niño and non-canonical Atlantic Niño. While the canonical event follows the conventional ENSO mechanism, the non-canonical event involves southward temperature advection from the northern tropical Atlantic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sea surface temperature patterns in the Tropical Atlantic: Principal component analysis and nonlinear principal component analysis

Kenfack-Sadem¹,

Mkankam²,

Alory³

et al. 2017

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

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The tropical Atlantic Ocean exhibits several modes of interannual variability such as the equatorial (or Atlantic Niño) mode, and meridional (or Atlantic dipole) mode. Nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA) is applied on detrended monthly Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA) data from the tropical Atlantic Ocean (30°W -20°E, 26°S -22°N) for the period 1950 to 2005. The objective is to compare the modes extracted through this statistical analysis to those previously extracted through simpler principal component analysis (PCA). It is shown that the first NLPCA mode explains 38% of the total SST variance compared to 36% by the first PCA while the second NLPCA mode explains 22% of the total SST variance compared to 16% by the second PCA. The first two NLPCA modes marginally explain more of the total data variance than the first two PCA modes. Our analysis confirms results from previous studies and, in addition, shows that the Atlantic El Niño structure is spatially more stable than the Atlantic dipole structure.

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Multiple causes of interannual sea surface temperature variability in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean

Cited by 128 publications

References 22 publications

On the relationship between Atlantic Niño variability and ocean dynamics

On the relationship between Atlantic Niño variability and ocean dynamics

Symmetry of the Atlantic Niño mode

Sea surface temperature patterns in the Tropical Atlantic: Principal component analysis and nonlinear principal component analysis

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