“…These restriction factors are incorporated into the progeny virions and enzymically convert viral cDNA cytosines to uracils during reverse transcription, which can debilitate viral function (Albin & Harris, 2010;Desimmie et al, 2014;Feng et al, 2014;Kitamura et al, 2011;Refsland & Harris, 2013). Although original studies focused on human APOBEC3G (Harris et al, 2003;Mariani et al, 2003;Sheehy et al, 2002;Zhang et al, 2003), subsequent work revealed that all placental mammals have APOBEC3 enzymes (Münk et al, 2012), albeit different numbers, and that these enzymes have the potential to attenuate the infectivity of a broad spectrum of viruses, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (Mariani et al, 2003), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) (Münk et al, 2008;Zielonka et al, 2010), bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) (LaRue et al, 2010) and small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs; e.g.…”