Multiple Active Sites Carbonaceous Anodes for Na⁺ Storage: Synthesis, Electrochemical Properties and Reaction Mechanism Analysis

Abstract

Owing to the earth‐abundant resources, cost effective materials and stable electrochemical properties, sodium‐ions batteries (SIBs) show long‐term potential in responding to the rapid consumption of lithium resources and the ever‐increasing development of new energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the intrinsic properties of the large ion radius (Na+ 1.02 Å vs Li+ 0.76 Å) and positive reduction potential (Na/Na+ −2.71 V vs Li/Li+ −3.04 V) may impede ion diffusion, thus causing serious volume expansion, resulting in poor cycling stability. To address these issues, the incorporation of active sites into carbonaceous anode is considered as an efficient strategy to enhance interfacial compatibility, enlarge interlayer distance, and supply reversible Faradic pseudo‐capacitance. Herein, the multiple active sites carbonaceous anodes for SIBs anode are comprehensively reviewed. Typically, carbonaceous materials are categorized into diffusion and surface controlled based on Na storage mechanism, and the concepts of intrinsic/extrinsic active sites are proposed according to the types of active sites. Furthermore, to reveal the reaction kinetics and guide the rational design of high performance anodes, the (spectro) electrochemical analysis methods and corresponding key parameters are introduced. Additionally, primary superiorities, essential issues, and supposed solutions of multiple active sites carbonaceous Na anodes are discussed and the future development directions are also proposed. This review may provide new design thoughts for high performance carbonaceous Na storage anodes.

Coupling of Metallic VSe2 and Conductive Polypyrrole for Boosted Sodium-Ion Storage by Reinforced Conductivity Within and Outside

“…As an energy storage system, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been under extensive evaluation for application in energy storage devices. − Unfortunately, the shortage of lithium resources and its ever-increasing cost prevent the sustainable application of LIBs in the future. − Alternative battery technologies that adopt resource-rich elements and enable high energy density and high safety are therefore extremely desirable. , Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have captured more attention as competitive replacements mainly due to their high abundance, lower prices, and analogous properties to LIBs. − Nevertheless, for SIBs and PIBs, the slow reaction kinetics and inevitable volume variation caused by the larger radius of Na + or K + severely limit their practical application. − Hence, it is crucial to design and construct appropriate electrodes capable of delivering ions efficiently and durably.…”

Recent Advances in Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Sodium-Ion Energy Storage Devices

“…Graphite is usually not suitable for sodium intercalation in traditional ester-based electrolytes, which leads to unsatisfactory capacity and cyclability of SIBs [ 57 ]. Thus, many new materials such as carbonaceous materials, alloys, metal oxides/sulfides, and titanium-based compounds have received widespread attention as anodes for SIBs [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. Amorphous carbons, especially hard carbons, exhibited greatly improved performance and industrial feasibility for SIBs.…”

Interfacial engineering for metal oxide/nitride nano-heterojunctions towards high-rate lithium-ion storage

“…Therefore, this triggers a continuous search enthusiasm for seeking alternative anode materials to graphite. So far, various types of materials have sprung up like mushrooms, such as carbon materials, 1,2 non-metallic elements (Si, P), 3,4 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), 5,6 transition metal oxides (TMOs), 7,8 and transition metal nitrides (TMNs). 9,10 Particularly, TMOs have attracted considerable attention due to their high theoretical specific capacity via multielectron reactions and easy preparation with controllable morphology.…”