Multiphase Silurian bentonites in the Baltic Palaeobasin

Hints, Rutt; Kirsimäe, Kalle; Somelar, Peeter; Kallaste, Toivo; Kiipli, Tarmo

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.06.009

Cited by 35 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Additionally, small amounts of apatite (up to 1.2%), albite (up to 1.9%), chlorite (up to 8.3%), and pyrite (up to 1.2%) can be found in some rock samples. Biotite was not detected in the studied carbonate rocks; concentrations of up to 4.2% of the whole rock occur only in K-bentonite samples (Hints et al, 2008). Among the studied carbonate rocks, the proportion of illitic clay minerals (11.7-32.5%) is highest in the marlstones (Table 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The S-O aquifer system in Estonia consists of different carbonate rocks, mainly limestones, dolomites, and marlstones with more clayey interlayers, including clayrich altered volcanic ash beds-K-bentonites (Nestor and Einasto, 1997;Hints et al, 2008;Kiipli et al, 2008;Somelar et al, 2010). Leaching of the host rocks is considered to be the major natural source of F -and B in groundwater; therefore, chemical composition of aquifer forming rocks has been examined.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An exception is the basal part of the Ordovician sequence, which contains terrigenous sediments-silty and clayey sandstones and graptolite argillites. Several clay-rich altered volcanic ash beds-K-bentonites-are also recorded in the Silurian and Ordovician stratigraphic record (Hints et al, 2008;Kiipli et al, 2008;Somelar et al, 2010).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

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Determination of boron and fluoride sources in groundwater: Batch dissolution of carbonate rocks in water

Uppin

Karro

2013

Geochem. J.

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High natural fluoride (up to 6.1 mg/l) and boron (up to 2.1 mg/l) concentrations in groundwater are recorded in western Estonia, where a carbonaceous Silurian-Ordovician aquifer system is the main source of drinking water. The aim of this study is to examine the dissolution of boron and fluoride from different carbonate rocks using batch dissolution tests. The total boron and fluorine concentration within carbonate rocks varies between 100-1000 and 5-150 mg/kg, respectively. Generally, boron and fluoride concentrations increase as the amount of terrigenous material in the rock increases. Laboratory leaching experiments showed that the amount of leached boron and fluoride was proportional to the content of these elements in the rock samples. Further, boron and fluoride concentrations in leachates were positively correlated with the amount of terrigenous material in rocks. Both boron and fluoride concentrations in leachates continually rose over 49 days of leaching. Long-term water-rock interaction is responsible for the high boron and fluoride contents in groundwater of western Estonia.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of boron and fluoride sources in groundwater: Batch dissolution of carbonate rocks in water

Uppin

Karro

2013

Geochem. J.

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“…During Palaeozoic times Latvia and Lithuania were located in the deep shelf and Estonia mainly in the shallow shelf area. Hints et al (2008), however, proposed a late diagenetic origin for potassium feldspar in bentonites. Fig.…”

Section: Major Minerals In Altered Volcanic Ashesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Geniai Tuff in the southern East Baltic area - a new correlation tool near the Aeronian/Telychian stage boundary, Llandovery, Silurian

Kiipli¹,

Radzievičius²,

Kallaste³

et al. 2012

Bull. Geosci.

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In three drill cores in Latvia and Lithuania a thin (1 cm thick) altered volcanic ash bed with high concentrations of phosphorus (up to 3%), cerium (1%), lanthanum (0.5%) and strontium (2.5%), has been found close to the Aeronian/Telychian boundary (Llandovery, Silurian, ca 438 Ma). Small, millimetre-thick lenses within the ash bed contain up to 12% P and Sr, up to 6% Ce and 3% La. These elements occur as a solid solution of goyazite-florencite mineral. Additionally, authigenic K-feldspar and kaolinite occur in this ash bed. The high concentrations of REE elements, strontium and phosphorus suggest a carbonatite source magma, but the strontium isotope ratio contradicts that origin. Such a unique composition in a volcanic ash layer is a good basis for using it as a marker horizon for correlation of sections.

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“…The thickness of bentonites ranges from some mm up to 10 cm, rarely up to 20-30 cm and more (Bergstrom et al 1995;Kiipli et al 2001;Hints et al 2008). The composition of bentonite clay matrix in the Baltic Basin is typically mixed-layer illitesmectite with some amount of kaolinite (Kiipli et al 2007;Hints et al 2008;Somelar et al 2010), except of the bentonites of Pirgu age which are characterized by chloritesmectite type mixed-layer minerals (Hints et al 2006). The interlayers of K-bentonite have been recorded in Jaagarahu, Jaani, Adavere and Raikküla Stages of Silurian System.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Geological sources of boron and fluoride anomalies in Silurian–Ordovician aquifer system, Estonia

Uppin

Karro

2011

Environ Earth Sci

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The objective of this study was to examine the possible natural sources of fluorides and boron in SilurianOrdovician (S-O) aquifer system, as the anomaly of these elements has been distinguished in groundwater of western Estonia. Water-rock interactions, such as dissolution and leaching of the host rock, are considered to be the main source of high fluoride and boron concentrations in groundwater. Altogether 91 rock samples were analysed to determine if high F -and B levels in groundwater could be attributed to certain aquifer forming rock types. Fluorine and boron contents in limestones and dolomites vary from 100 to 500 mg/kg and 5 to 20 mg/kg, reaching up to 1,000 and 150 mg/kg in marlstones, respectively. K-bentonites, altered volcanic ash beds, are rich in fluorine (400-4,500 mg/kg) and boron (50-1,000 mg/kg). Thus, clay-rich sediments, providing ion-exchange and adsorption sites for F -and B, are the probable sources of both elements in S-O aquifer system in western Estonia.

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Multiphase Silurian bentonites in the Baltic Palaeobasin

Cited by 35 publications

References 51 publications

Determination of boron and fluoride sources in groundwater: Batch dissolution of carbonate rocks in water

Determination of boron and fluoride sources in groundwater: Batch dissolution of carbonate rocks in water

The Geniai Tuff in the southern East Baltic area - a new correlation tool near the Aeronian/Telychian stage boundary, Llandovery, Silurian

Geological sources of boron and fluoride anomalies in Silurian–Ordovician aquifer system, Estonia

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