“…Hence, a W-state-based quantum anonymous transmission protocol that outperformed the GHZ state-based and entanglement relay-based protocols in the presence of noise was proposed [ 9 ]. To date, various anonymous quantum communication protocols have been proposed based on single particles, Bell states, GHZ states, and W states [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. In order to employ these protocols in practical network scenarios, they must be able to provide the desired communication task under the presence of adversaries and a noisy environment.…”