Multiomics: unraveling the panoramic landscapes of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Abstract

In response to emerging infectious diseases, such as the recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is critical to quickly identify and understand responsible pathogens, risk factors, host immune responses, and pathogenic mechanisms at both the molecular and cellular levels. The recent development of multiomic technologies, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and single-cell transcriptomics, has enabled a fast and panoramic grasp of the pathogen and the disease. Here, we systematically reviewed the major advances in the virology, immunology, and pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection that have been achieved via multiomic technologies. Based on well-established cohorts, omics-based methods can greatly enhance the mechanistic understanding of diseases, contributing to the development of new diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines for emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.

The Central Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Mechanisms of Thrombosis in COVID-19 Patients With Cancer and Therapeutic Strategies

“…Other substances extruded into the alveolar lumens including complement membrane attack complexes, NETs, and activated immune cells are collectively responsible for interstitial inflammatory infiltration, diffuse alveolar damage, and ARDS ( Iba et al, 2021 ). The characteristics of immune signaling on the RNA-Seq to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of COVID-19 show disrupted bronchoalveolar epithelial barrier, extensive immune infiltration, and hypercellular activity, which supports our ideas ( Wang et al, 2021a ). The alveolar type II cells can secret surfactants to allow efficient gas exchange, but severe inflammation, tissue damage, and the death of alveolar epithelial cells depress this process, so that the oxygen requirements of patients are barely met by increased vital capacity ( Brain et al, 2021 ).…”

Fetuin‐A, inter‐α‐trypsin inhibitor, glutamic acid and ChoE (18:0) are key biomarkers in a panel distinguishing mild from critical coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes

“…In light of the promising results already provided by omic technologies in the search for predictive biomarkers of COVID‐19 severity, 4 , 5 we conducted a nontargeted multi‐omic, including proteomic, metabolomic and lipidomic analyses, in the serum from patients of the COVID‐19 study cohort. The proteomics analysis identified 65 proteins with a significant increase or decrease in abundance according to the disease severity (Figure 2A ), which resulted to be highly interconnected (Figure 2B ).…”

A prophylactic effect of aluminium-based adjuvants against respiratory viruses via priming local innate immunity

“…Therefore, whether zinc- or aluminium-based chemical materials might also interact with the cGAS-STING pathway still needs to be investigated further. With the emergence and advantages of single-cell-based multi-omics methods, the immune and metabolic responses of the host body to the invaded pathogen can be unravelled comprehensively and quickly, especially for the outbreak of emerging diseases [ 5 , 6 , 40 , 41 ]. Indeed, these methods should be used further to draw an immune landscape of BALF from mice treated with FH-001.…”