Multimode interference devices with single-mode–multimode–multimode fiber structure

Bhatia, Nitin; Jelonnek, J.

doi:10.1364/ao.53.005179

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…( , 1 + + 2 ) will be coupled to the core mode within SMF-4 which is the output of the coupler [149]:…”

Section: Sms-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8(f) [147]; two different MMFs were cascaded in an SMS fiber structure ( Fig. 8(g)) proposed by Wu et al for simultaneously measurement of both strain (sensitivity of 0.35 pm/με) and temperature (sensitivity of 11.16 pm/°C ) [148] with a further study of the structure provided by Bhatia et al [149][150]; an SCF cascade with an MMF (Fig. 8(h)) has been be used for water level, RI, temperature and strain sensing [151] and an alternative structure consisting of an SCF cascaded with a cladding etched MMF was proposed for RI sensing with a sensitivity of 148.27 nm/RIU [152].…”

Section: E Combinations Of Sms Fiber Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications—A Review

Liu

et al. 2021

IEEE Sensors J.

121

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A singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure consists of a short section of multimode fiber fusionspliced between two SMS fibers. The mechanism underpinning the operation of an SMS fiber structure is multimode interference and associated self-imaging. SMS structures can be used in a variety of optical fiber systems but are most commonly used as sensors for a variety of parameters, ranging from macro-world measurands such as temperature, strain, vibration, flow rate, RI and humidity to the micro-world with measurands such as proteins, pathogens, DNA, and specific molecules. While traditional SMS structures employ a short section of standard multimode fiber, a large number of structures have been investigated and demonstrated over the last decade involving the replacement of the multimode fiber section with alternatives such as a hollow core fiber or a tapered fiber. The objective of replacing the multimode fiber has most often been to allow sensing of different measurands or to improve sensitivity. In this paper, several different categories of SMS fiber structures, including traditional SMS, modified SMS and tapered SMS fiber structures are discussed with some theoretical underpinning and reviews of a wide variety of sensing examples and recent advances. The paper then summarizes and compares the performances of a variety of sensors which have been published under a number of headings. The paper concludes by considering the challenges faced by SMS based sensing schemes in terms of their deployment in real world applications and discusses possible future developments of SMS fiber sensors.

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“…( , 1 + + 2 ) will be coupled to the core mode within SMF-4 which is the output of the coupler [149]:…”

Section: Sms-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E Combinations Of Sms Fiber Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications—A Review

Liu

et al. 2021

IEEE Sensors J.

121

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“…Because of its advantages of fast response time, multiplexing capability, remote sensing, application as OTDR, high bandwidth, immune to EMI, light in size and cheap in cost, the fiber based refractive index sensors have been explored extensively across the world. Based on the parameter to be measure, optical fiber sensors with different geometrical designs have been developed, which includes fiber Bragg grating sensors, multimode fiber interferometer and long period fiber grating, and so on [6][7][8]. However, these sensors require complex manufacturing processes, expensive equipments and hence high production cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Study and Experimental Validation of U-shaped Probe Extrinsic Fiber Optic Sensor for the Measurement of Refractive Index at Various Temperatures using a Tunable Light Source

Rao¹

2021

ITII

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Extensive detection performances due to sensitivity to external and internal perturbations in the fiber structure makes the optical fiber sensors highly superior over the conventional sensors. The fiber optic sensors with clad removed fibers at some portion along its length play a vital role in the determination of refractive index of various liquids at several wavelengths and at several temperatures. In the present paper a refractive index sensor has been developed to investigate the performance and experimental validation in the measurement of R.I. values of liquids at various temperatures using a tunable light source capable of emitting light at the wavelengths of 630nm, 660nm, 820nm and 850nm. The U-shaped glass probe connected between the tunable light source and an optical detector using two multimode PCS fibers of 200/230μm, acts as a clad removed portion of the sensor which is called as sensing zone or sensing region. In the working principle of the sensor, the U-shaped glass rod immersed into each mixture prepared with the combination of Toluene and Acetonitrile, the light launched from the source reaching the detector was noted at various temperatures and by tuning the wavelength of the source to 630nm, 660nm, 820nm and 850nm. From the data obtained, the sensor was calibrated to measure the refractive index of various liquids at different temperatures and wavelengths. Exploiting all the advantages offered by the fiber optic communication systems, the sensor was expected to be rugged, robust, reliable, and durable offering the sensitivity in the range of the order of 10-5.

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“…In the past few decades, the fiber-based RI sensor has been extensively explored because of its advantages of low cost, multiplexing capability, and fast response. Thus far, various fiber optic sensors have been proposed, including multi-mode interference [ 6 ], fiber Bragg grating [ 7 ], long period fiber grating [ 8 ], and so on. However, in practical applications, these sensors usually require expensive equipment, complex manufacturing processes, and high production costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive Index Sensor Based on Double Side-Polished U-Shaped Plastic Optical Fiber

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

Sensors

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A U-shaped double-side polished plastic optical fiber (POF) is demonstrated as a liquid refractive index (RI) sensor. The refractive index of glycerinum solutions is identified by the intensity detection on the bending and evanescent wave loss change. Heat treatment and mechanical polishing are adopted to form the symmetrical side-polished POF probe. The processing parameters are experimentally optimized on the power transmittance. The sensitivity of 1541%/RIU (Refractive Index Unit) can be obtained with a resolution of 5.35 × 10−4 in the scope of 1.33–1.39. The favorable temperature characteristic is proved to offer stable RI sensing from 20 to 50 °C. This simple POF sensor has potentials in low-cost visible light intensity RI detection.

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Multimode interference devices with single-mode–multimode–multimode fiber structure

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications—A Review

Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications—A Review

Comprehensive Study and Experimental Validation of U-shaped Probe Extrinsic Fiber Optic Sensor for the Measurement of Refractive Index at Various Temperatures using a Tunable Light Source

Refractive Index Sensor Based on Double Side-Polished U-Shaped Plastic Optical Fiber

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