Multimodality imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas account for approximately 20% of cases of cholangiocarcinomas.Three growth patterns or morphologic subtypes exist, including mass-forming, periductal-infiltrating, and intraductal-growth subtypes. Knowledge of these morphologic subtypes and their radiologic appearance aids in timely diagnosis, a key to optimizing patient outcomes. The morphologic variability of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas has a direct impact on the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of various diagnostic imaging modalities, including ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and positron emission tomography (PET).The following review emphasizes optimal imaging technique for each of these modalities and reviews the imaging appearance of each morphologic subtype of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Overexpression of interleukin‐35 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a prognostic indicator after curative resection

“…Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common liver malignancy arising from the intrahepatic biliary tract, and accounts for 10% to 15% of primary liver cancer . As an uncommon disease, in recent years, the incidence of ICC is drastically increasing worldwide, but there is hardly any progress in the treatment of ICC for OS rate which is still around 22%‐40% after surgical resection . To make matters worse, such a dismal situation manifests a major challenge as most ICC patients are not sensitive to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy .…”

S100A11 promotes cell proliferation via P38/MAPK signaling pathway in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

“…Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare and highly malignant liver tumor with poor prognosis . The incidence of ICC has showed a dramatic global increasing in the last two decades, but the 5‐year survival rate is less than 10% . Treatment options for ICC remain unsatisfactory, early surgical resection is still only possible curative therapeutic method .…”

“…[1][2][3][4] The incidence of ICC has showed a dramatic global increasing in the last two decades, but the 5-year survival rate is less than 10%. 5 Treatment options for ICC remain unsatisfactory, early surgical resection is still only possible curative therapeutic method. 6 Unfortunately, most ICC patients are not sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.…”

Colangiocarcinoma. Evaluación por Tomografía Computada y Resonancia Magnética

“…La mayoría de los CC son del tipo histológico adenocarcinoma ductal, aunque puede también encontrarse del tipo papilar, mucinoso, mucoepidermoide y del tipo cistoadenocarcinoma. 3,4 Dentro de esos el 90% al 95% de los adenocarcinomas son de pobre a moderada diferenciación, con estroma desmoplásico y alta expresión de mucina. 3…”

“…Los pacientes, en su mayoría, se vuelven sintomáticos en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad, por ello es importante una alta sospecha clínica, acompañada de una adecuada interpretación combinada de las diferentes modalidades diagnósticas dentro de las que se encuentran las imágenes proporcionadas por tomografía computada (TC) y la resonancia magnética (RM). 3 Todo en conjunto juega un rol sumamente importante para tener un diagnóstico concordante, realizar la estadificación y evaluar la resecabilidad para poder escoger la terapia adecuada en cada caso, sin dejar de lado que en algunas ocasiones el diagnóstico se realiza por un hallazgo incidental imagenológico.…”