Multimodal Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring Applications: A Review

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a widely used solution for monitoring-oriented applications (e.g., water quality on watersheds, pollution monitoring in cities). These kinds of applications are characterized by the necessity of two data-reporting modes: time-driven and event-driven. The former is used mainly for continually supervising an area and the latter for event detection and tracking. By switching between both modes, a WSN can improve its energy efficiency and event-reporting latency, compared to single data-reporting schemes. We refer to those WSNs, where both data-reporting modes are required simultaneously, as multimodal wireless sensor networks (M2WSNs). In this paper, we present, from an energy-efficiency perspective, a review of switching mechanisms for M2WSNs. Besides, we explore two sophisticated techniques required in M2WSNs for further energy saving and event-reporting latency reduction purposes: duty-cycling and wake-up radio. We highlight future directions concerning switching and network management techniques for M2WSNs. To our knowledge, this review is first of its kind.

A roadmap to developing energy-efficient MAC protocol in wireless sensor networks: a case of ADP-MAC development and implementation

“…While conducting literature search for this article, numerous relevant survey articles are found. For example, a survey of MAC protocols developed for acoustic under-water networks has been presented in [15]; application specific MAC protocols have been surveyed in [16,17]; a wide array of scheduling and adaptive listening schemes deployed in MAC protocols have been surveyed in [18]; evolution of MAC protocols in terms of energy efficiency has been described in [19,20]; a survey of QoS energy efficient protocols has been presented in [21] and time-critical protocols are reviewed in [22,23]; context-aware delay tolerant protocols are reviewed in [24]; duty-cycling based protocols are discussed in [25]; protocols based on recent technique of energy harvesting have been surveyed in [26,27] and those using receiver-initiated mechanism in integration with energy harvesting have been discussed in [28]; wakeup radio based protocols are described in [29]; opportunistic routing based MAC protocols are reviewed in [30]; mobility based protocols have been surveyed in [31]; MAC protocols based on traffic prioritization mechanism have been categorized in [32]; full duplex MAC protocols have been reviewed in [33] and survey of multi-channel protocols has been presented in [34,35].…”

Data fusion strategies for energy efficiency in buildings: Overview, challenges and novel orientations

“…Moreover, balancing the platform architecture cost and computing charge for information fusion is also a remaining issue, which depends mainly on the specific application scenario. In addition, developing flexible and modular platform architectures is still of utmost importance, which aims at (i) integrating IoT-based smart-sensors and actuators with innovative energy services; (ii) allowing the integration of heterogeneous hardware/software components [274]; and (iii) permitting the implementation and execution of multi-modal sensor networks [275].…”

Mathematical Model and Genetic Algorithm in Computer Programming Optimization and Network Topology Structure

“…For indoor wireless coverage, [7] investigates unexpected spectrum access methods. Reference [8] proposes a management strategy for multimodal sensor networks that is both efficient and successful. In order to reduce service latency even further, these studies did not examine how to link many fog terminals and the cloud platform [7].…”