Gliomas are the most common types of brain tumors, which invariably lead to death over months or years. Before new and potentially more effective treatment strategies, such as gene therapy, can be effectively introduced into clinical application the following goals must be reached: (1) the determination of localization, extent and metabolic activity of the glioma; (2) the assessment of functional changes within the surrounding brain tissue; (3) the identification of genetic changes on the molecular level leading to disease; and in addition (4) a detailed non-invasive analysis of both endogenous and exogenous gene expression in animal models and in the clinical setting. Non-invasive imaging of endogenous gene expression by means of positron emission tomography (PET) may reveal insight into the molecular basis of pathogenesis and metabolic activity of the glioma and the extent of treatment response. When exogenous genes are introduced to serve for a therapeutic function, PET imaging techniques may reveal the assessment of the location, magnitude and duration of therapeutic gene expression and its relation to the therapeutic effect. Here, we review the main principles of PET imaging and its key roles in neurooncology research.
IntroductionIn recent years, genetic alterations could be defined for various diseases including brain tumors. To identify the fundamental errors of disease and to develop corrections at the molecular level are the overall goals of the broad and growing field of molecular medicine. The knowledge of the underlying genetic defect and the understanding of related pathophysiological alterations in e.g. tumor replication, migration, signal transduction and others are the first steps towards the development of new treatment strategies based on gene therapy. The design of effective gene therapy strategies relies on concerted research to define the alterations in tumor genetics and tumor biology, and to develop safe vectors and vector application systems to achieve efficient, targeted and regulated alterations of specific therapeutic gene expression. The main diagnostic procedures in patients with suspected glioma combine modern histological and genetic evaluations with improved imaging technology based on position emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They guide multi-modal therapy to assure that as much tumor as possible is eliminated and as much neurological function as possible is preserved. PET imaging of tumor metabolism, neuronal function and transduced therapeutic gene expression shall facilitate the development of safe and efficient application protocols for biological treatment strategies, such as cell or gene therapy.
GliomasClinically important glioma entities include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas or mixed gliomas, i.e. oligo-astrocytomas. Grading is performed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) taking into account the presence of nuclear changes, mitotic activity, the presence of endothelial proliferation, and necrosis (1, 2). Glioblastoma, corr...