Multimachine stability improvement with hybrid renewable energy systems using a superconducting magnetic energy storage in power systems

Engineering functionalization and properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with controllable synthesis for energy and display applications

“…Supercapacitors, high-efficiency, high-output energy storage devices, are composed of an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte filling the gap between them, and a separator to prevent direct contact between the two electrodes. [51][52][53][54] Supercapacitors exhibit electrostatic or electrochemical energy storage mechanisms on the electrode and electrolyte interface and can be categorized into three main types: 53 Electrical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC) utilizing ion adsorption and desorption at the electrode-electrolyte interface, Pseudocapacitors involving surface chemical reactions, and Hybrid Supercapacitors that combine the character-istics of the previous two by employing asymmetric electrodes. 261,262 GQDs, owing to their moderate electrical conductivity, high surface area per volume, and excellent dispersibility in solvents due to the presence of functional groups, have been added to supercapacitor electrodes and electrolytes to enhance performance (Table 4).…”

“…In a battery, electrodes are positioned on either side of a separator, with an electrolyte filling the space in between. 51,52,54 The battery is capable of repeated energy charge and discharge over extended periods through reversible oxidation-reduction reactions. Like supercapacitors, batteries are energy storage devices that utilize electrochemical reactions, albeit with distinct mechanisms, leading to differences in energy and power densities.…”

“…There are numerous excellent review papers covering the synthesis, properties, and applications of GQDs. 10,[50][51][52][53][54][55] However, there is a relative scarcity of papers that focus intensively on the functionalization of GQDs. Additionally, considering the active research and developments in the fields of energy and displays, regular updates are deemed necessary.…”