Multilinguismo receptivo: um aliado das línguas menorizadas : o que é que o mirandês pode aprender da experiência frísia?

Abstract

Neste artigo sugerimos a inclusão de estratégias de assertividade linguística e práticas de multilinguismo receptivo nos projectos de revitalização de línguas menorizadas. Em concreto, comparámos as situações do frísio ocidental e do mirandês, e basando-nos nas semelhanças -a) as duas línguas têm uma falta de prestígio evidente embora sejam reconhecidas oficialmente pelos governos respectivos, e b) as duas línguas estão estreitamente relacionadas com a língua dominante respectiva-vamos propor uma estratégia para projectos de revitalização da língua mirandesa. Esta proposta, no entanto, pode também ser aplicável noutros contextos semelhantes, como, por exemplo, os das outras línguas românicas da península ibérica.

‘Kinsto it Frysk ferstean?’

“…If Dutch speakers can understand Frisian to such a high degree, one cannot help but wonder what is stopping the province from advocating a more widespread use of the language. We believe that increasing the number of tokens in Frisian visible in the streets of Fryslân, as well as the use of spoken Frisian in public events (be it alongside Dutch or exclusively) can in turn easily increase the prestige of the language all the while amplifying the knowledge of the language some Dutch speakers may have and also securing a safe space where both languages can be used on an equal footing (see Belmar, 2019b;Belmar & Pinho, 2020). In other words, we deem it necessary -and completely feasible -for the province to enact strategies to empower Frisian speakers to use their language, which includes its use in conversations with Dutch speakers (see Belmar, 2019b).…”

“…Similarly, Berthele (2007) claimed that intercomprehension is a skill which needs practice (see, for instance, Bergsma, Swarte, & Gooskens, 2014), and that misunderstandings are normal and common in this kind of communicative interaction, but also that these are corrected as the conversation continues and the participants become aware of previous mistakes (see also Grin, 2008). Others have opted for taking advantage of intelligibility to the fullest, by suggesting receptive multilingualism, or the possibility of holding a conversation in which participants speak different languages, as a possible successful strategy for communication in multilingual settings (Blees et al, 2014; see also Beerkens & Ten Thije, 2011;Belmar, 2019b;Belmar & Pinho, 2020;Rehbein, Ten Thije, & Verschik, 2012;Ten Thije & Zeevaert, 2007).…”

Linguistic Assertiveness to Contest Minorization: Observations from Small Interventions to Boost the Use of Frisian in Fryslân

“…This unquestioned accommodation to the dominant language is not just a barrier for speakers of minoritized languages to express themselves in their own languages in as many contexts as possible (Belmar, 2019). This switch ensures that speakers of the dominant language barely hear the minoritized language, which is hidden away, preventing anyone else from familiarizing themselves with it (Belmar & Pinho, 2020a). Discussing the Frisian context, Wolf (2013) wrote that: komt in net-sprekker in sprekker tsjin, dan krijt er de lijerige taal net te hearren (…) sa wurdt de lijerige taal stadichoan in groepstaaltsje foar ynwijden [when a non-speaker comes across a speaker, he does not hear the suffering language (…) thus, the suffering language gradually becomes an in-group language].…”

“…Indeed, the attitude towards the other language seems to be a key factor for receptive competence or receptive multilingualism (see Gooskens, 2007). This receptive competence is expected to foster plurilingual communication (Lüdi, 2007), even conversations where participants speak different languages (Blees, Mak & ten Thije, 2014; see also ten Thije & Zeevaert, 2007;Beerkens & ten Thije, 2011;Rehbein, ten Thije & Verschik, 2012), a possibility for communication in multilingual contexts which embraces minoritized languages (Belmar & Pinho, 2020a).…”