Multilevel Infusion Catheter for Use with Thrombolytic Agents

Safety of Thrombolytic Therapy with Urokinase or Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Peripheral Arterial Occlusion:A Comprehensive Compilation of Published Work

“…6, These studies included a total of 4,153 patients (2,226 urokinase, 1,927 rtPA). Twentytwo studies 9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][23][24][25][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] used urokinase, 22 studies 34-55 used rtPA, and 4 studies 6,10,22,26 included both treatments. All urokinase studies were conducted in North America due to the use of urine-based urokinase elsewhere in the world, whereas the rtPA studies were conducted in both Europe (15 studies) and North America (11 studies).…”

Local Intraarterial Thrombolysis: In Vitro Comparison of Various Infusion Catheters

“…Multilevel infusion catheters were originally designed to reduce catheter manipulations during local thrombolysis [12,13]. However, under clinical conditions, intravascular thrombus does not consist of ho- mogeneous material.…”

Transport Processes in Fibrinolysis and Fibrinolytic Therapy

“…These include "lacing" of the thrombus by continuous in jection of activator during withdrawal of the catheter from the distal to the proximal end (113)(114)(115). Catheters with multiple side holes and an end occlusion permit infusion of activator throughout the clot during in fusion (116)(117)(118). A "pulsed-spray" technique uses frequent periodic forced infusions of lytic enzymes into the clot to both mechanically dis rupt its integrity and widely distribute activator throughout (119,120).…”