“…In OTSU-ACO identification tasks, numerous statistics are utilized to measure a model's prediction capabilities, including Accuracy, f-measure, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Computational time. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) [20], Darwinian particle swarm optimization (DPSO) [20], and fractional order Darwinian particle swarm optimization (FODPSO) [20], One-dimensional OTSU [21], Two-dimensional OTSU [21], 2D OTSU-GA [21] were compared with our proposed method.…”