Multifunctionality in Nature: Structure–Function Relationships in Biological Materials

Abstract

Modern material design aims to achieve multifunctionality through integrating structures in a diverse range, resulting in simple materials with embedded functions. Biological materials and organisms are typical examples of this concept, where complex functionalities are achieved through a limited material base. This review highlights the multiscale structural and functional integration of representative natural organisms and materials, as well as biomimetic examples. The impact, wear, and crush resistance properties exhibited by mantis shrimp and ironclad beetle during predation or resistance offer valuable inspiration for the development of structural materials in the aerospace field. Investigating cyanobacteria that thrive in extreme environments can contribute to developing living materials that can serve in places like Mars. The exploration of shape memory and the self-repairing properties of spider silk and mussels, as well as the investigation of sensing–actuating and sensing–camouflage mechanisms in Banksias, chameleons, and moths, holds significant potential for the optimization of soft robot designs. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of mussel and gecko adhesion mechanisms can have a profound impact on medical fields, including tissue engineering and drug delivery. In conclusion, the integration of structure and function is crucial for driving innovations and breakthroughs in modern engineering materials and their applications. The gaps between current biomimetic designs and natural organisms are also discussed.

Design Optimization of a Hybrid-Driven Soft Surgical Robot with Biomimetic Constraints

“…Applications of soft robots in the field of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) have experienced considerable growth owing to their distinct capabilities, which arise from their compliant materials [ 1 , 2 ] typically exhibiting a Young’s modulus within the megapascal range [ 3 ]. The mechanical properties of the soft robots were found to exhibit a close resemblance to human skin [ 4 , 5 ], thereby introducing a heightened level of safety for surgical procedures.…”

Effects of Ribose-Induced Glycation on the Elastic Modulus of Collagen Fibrils Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy

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Editorial: composite materials in biological and bioinspired systems

“…In addition to their potential engineering implications, the study of biological composite materials offers valuable insights into the fundamental principles governing biological systems. By applying techniques from materials science, biologists can gain a deeper understanding of the structure-function relationships in organisms and the mechanisms underlying their remarkable properties (see reviews [1][2][3][4][5]). For instance, the hierarchical organization of biological composites, spanning multiple length scales from nanometres to centimetres, provides a blueprint for designing materials with precise control over mechanical, optical and thermal properties.…”