“…To the best of our knowledge, there are two ways to fabricate an anti-biofilm surface: depositing antibacterial coatings that release antimicrobial constituents or depositing antiadhesive coatings that restrict the adhesion of bacteria. Various antibiotics (e.g., lawsone, dexamethasone, minocycline, hinokitiol, tobramycin, gentamicin sulfate, and antimicrobial peptides) have been adopted to treat infections caused by implants (Ur Rehman et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018b;Deng et al, 2019;Xu et al, 2019;Yuan et al, 2019; Xue Tang et al, 2019Tang et al, et al, 2020Yin et al, 2020). Since the abuse of antibiotics has contributed to the emergence of bacterial resistance, several ions and their nanoparticles have emerged as promising alternatives to antibiotics (Figures 5A,B).…”