Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Enhanced Chemodynamic/Photodynamic Therapy through a Photothermal, H₂O₂-Elevation, and GSH-Consumption Strategy

Nanoplatform-based strategies for enhancing the lethality of current antitumor PDT

“…Accordingly, lots of functional nanoplatforms have been developed to accomplish the GSH inhibition-mediated sensitization for antitumor PDT. 109–113…”

Biomimetic ZIF-8 Nanoparticles: A Novel Approach for Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems

“…Systemic energy depletion by synergising "zinc interference"-mediated inhibition of glycolysis with zinc-activated tumor-specific depletion of GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1). 64 In a recent study, 65 a CDT catalyst, a ferrocene-(phenylboronic acid pinacol ester) conjugate (Fc-BE), and a photosensitiser, IR825, were effectively encapsulated in ZIF-8. The cinnamaldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-CA), which up-regulates H 2 O 2 capacity, was also encapsulated on the surface of ZIF-8 via metalligand interactions to form active-targeted nanoparticles (NPs@Fc-BE&IR825) (Figure 7).…”

Flower-Like MnO2 Nanoparticle-Based Dual GSH-Depleting Nanosystems for Chemo-/Chemodynamic/Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy

“…ROS stands for reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen ( 1 O2), superoxide anions ( • O 2– ), and hydroxyl radicals ( • OH), which can induce irreversible oxidative damage, resulting in cell death when it reaches high levels. − Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) harnesses its skills by applying some ions (such as Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cu + ) to catalyze H 2 O 2 into the highly toxic hydroxyl radical ( • OH), which was referred to as the Fenton reaction. − However, endogenous H 2 O 2 as a reaction substrate in tumor cells is not sufficient to accomplish satisfactory results. , In addition, severe hypoxia at the site of the tumor can also lead to lower efficiency. , Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), another similar therapy, plays a role by utilizing a sonosensitizer to induce ROS under ultrasound (US) irradiation, which can also cause damage and induce cancer cell death. − Importantly, it is worth noting that ultrasound exhibits excellent deep penetration in tumor tissue. Normally, monotherapy cannot achieve the desirable results owing to its limited tumor-killing capacity; therefore, a combination therapy-based multifunctional therapeutic nanosystem has been widely applied, causing severe damage to a greater extent. − …”