Multifunctional material based on ionic transition metal complexes and gold–silica nanoparticles: Synthesis and photophysical characterization for application in imaging and therapy

A Review of The Lesser-Studied Microemulsion-Based Synthesis Methodologies Used for Preparing Nanoparticle Systems of The Noble Metals, Os, Re, Ir and Rh

“…Also, N-(3-triethoxysilyl) propylsuccinic anhydride was used to protect and increase the electrostatic stability of the synthesized NPs in these systems. TEM and DLS measurements revealed the average size (TEM) to be 50 ± 2 nm and the hydrodynamic diameter (DLS) to be 60 ± 2 nm for the Ru 1 @GSNPs (as a representative sample of all the M@GSNPs made) [86].…”

Metallic nanoparticles as synthetic building blocks for cancer diagnostics: from materials design to molecular imaging applications

“…Transition metal doped Au@SiO2 nanoparticles generate singlet oxygen against tumor cells and simultaneously retain luminescent properties of the metal complex (Figure 8). 68 Gold nanoparticles has been recently used for the colorimetric detection of Cu 2+ ions. Fu and collaborators reported the assembling of phosphatidylserine (DOPS) on the AuNPs.…”

“…Most medical imaging methods rely heavily on the use of radioisotopes as contrast agents. For example, positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging method that uses positron (β + )-emitting radioisotopes such as those of oxygen ( 14 O t1/2= 1.2 min, 15 O t1/2= 2.1 min), nitrogen ( 13 N t1/2= 10.0 min), carbon ( 11 C t1/2= 20.3 min), and fluorine ( 18 F t1/2= 109.7 min), but also some unconventional metallic radioisotopes of Cu ( 61 Cu t1/2= 3.35 h, 62 Cu t1/2= 4.7 min, 64 Cu t1/2= 12.7 h, 64 Cu t1/2= 61.9 h), Zn ( 62 Zn t1/2= 9.2 h, 65 Zn t1/2= 243.7 d), 38 K (t1/2= 7.6 min), 82 Rb (t1/2= 1.3 min), 32 P (t1/2= 14.3 d), 59 Fe (t1/2= 44.5 d), Ga ( 64 Ga t1/2= 2.6 min, 67 Ga t1/2= 78.3 min, 68 Ga t1/2= 68.1 min) and the halogen series are entering the molecular imaging arena with some at the clinical research stage. In PET two gamma rays signals are detected (occurring at 180 degree angle), which are produced by a positron annihilation event at the target, with a discernible image subsequently produced and interpreted computationally.…”

“…Other metallic isotopes that are of interest to multimodal early diagnosis and treatment approaches include 90 Y (t1/2= 64 h) and 86 Y (t1/2= 14.7 h). 68 Gallium is also becoming a popular radioisotope in clinical research as it is available from generators, and research showed that, when anchored onto a suitable in vivo delivering vehicle in precancerous stages, it selectively concentrates around infected sites, areas of inflammation, and can report on areas of rapid cell division. The longer lived metallic isotopes are thought to become more promising in future diagnostic imaging applications than 68 Ga, since their longer circulation in vivo allows for improved tumour/background ratio enhancement.…”

“…68 Gallium is also becoming a popular radioisotope in clinical research as it is available from generators, and research showed that, when anchored onto a suitable in vivo delivering vehicle in precancerous stages, it selectively concentrates around infected sites, areas of inflammation, and can report on areas of rapid cell division. The longer lived metallic isotopes are thought to become more promising in future diagnostic imaging applications than 68 Ga, since their longer circulation in vivo allows for improved tumour/background ratio enhancement. 19 The other focus of much current research is the problem of how to deliver diagnostic or therapeutic reagents in low molecular doses extremely precisely to a desired location in the body.…”