“…Specifically, a range of electrical, magnetic, and optical biosensing approaches have been reported over the last years and previously reviewed [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ] for monitoring cell populations within microfabricated OoC systems, with high sensitivity and high resolution [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. For instance, biosensors for monitoring cell growth and behavior [ 50 ], electrical [ 51 , 52 , 53 ] and mechanical [ 30 , 54 , 55 ] properties, as well as environmental parameters such as oxygen [ 56 , 57 , 58 ], pH [ 59 ], and metabolites concentration [ 60 , 61 ] have been studied and validated [ 62 ].…”