Multifrequency force microscopy using flexural and torsional modes by photothermal excitation in liquid: atomic resolution imaging of calcite $(10\bar{1}4)$

Meier, T.; Eslami, Babak; Solares, Santiago D.

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/27/8/085702

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Comparing the amplitude vs. z-position curves in Figure 2f and l, it becomes evident that although the second flexural and the first torsional oscillations are coupled, they show different dependencies on the tip-sample distance. These differences are consistent with results from uncoupled flexural-torsional AFM studies in open-loop configuration 13 . The lateral frequency shift vs. z-sensor position curve in Figure 2r shows an increasing repulsive interaction with decreasing tip-sample distance.…”

Section: Imaging Capability Of the Amflex2-oltor1-fmlat1 Mode For Ato...supporting

confidence: 90%

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Torsional And Lateral Eigenmode Oscillations For Atomic Resolution Imaging Of HOPG In Air Under Ambient Conditions

Eichhorn

Dietz

2022

Preprint

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Combined in-plane and out-of-plane multifrequency atomic force microscopy techniques have been demonstrated to be important tools to decipher spatial differences of sample surfaces at the atomic scale. The analysis of physical properties perpendicular to the sample surface is routinely achieved from flexural cantilever oscillations, whereas the interpretation of in-plane sample properties via force microscopy is still challenging. Besides the torsional oscillation, there is the additional option to exploit the lateral oscillation of the cantilever for in-plane surface analysis. In this study, we used different multifrequency force microscopy approaches to attain better understanding of the interactions between a super-sharp tip and an HOPG surface focusing on the discrimination between friction and shear forces. We found that the lateral eigenmode is suitable for the determination of the shear modulus whereas the torsional eigenmode provides information on local friction forces between tip and sample. Based on the results, we propose that the full set of elastic constants of graphite can be determined from combined in-plane and out-of-plane multifrequency atomic force microscopy if ultrasmall amplitudes and high force constants are used.

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Section: Imaging Capability Of the Amflex2-oltor1-fmlat1 Mode For Ato...supporting

confidence: 90%

“…Photothermal excitation facilitated atomic resolution imaging using the torsional-eigenmode oscillation in bimodal AFM 13 . A second issue is the discrimination between torsional and lateral eigenmodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Torsional And Lateral Eigenmode Oscillations For Atomic Resolution Imaging Of HOPG In Air Under Ambient Conditions

Eichhorn

Dietz

2022

Preprint

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“…[ 7,21,22 ] Also, some research groups have achieved atomic resolution with flexural–torsional approaches, but not under ambient conditions. [ 7,23 ] Most of the benchmark images in terms of high resolution were obtained with CO‐functionalized tips, [ 24,25 ] but unfortunately they cannot be used in air under ambient conditions, and they suffer from bending while imaging. [ 26 ] Although there are several approaches for imaging with atomic resolution, determining forces remains a challenging task if measurements are performed in air under ambient conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 36,37 ] The blue excitation laser spot is placed at the fixed end of the cantilever but at a considerable distance from the length symmetry axis. [ 23 ] This enables the simultaneous excitation of flexural and torsional eigenmodes by modulating the power of the laser periodically with frequencies matching the flexural and torsional resonance frequencies. The first flexural‐eigenmode amplitude of the cantilever is used for topographical feedback (AMFlex).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Deconvolution of In‐Plane and Out‐of‐Plane Forces of HOPG at the Atomic Scale under Ambient Conditions by Multifrequency Atomic Force Microscopy

Eichhorn

Dietz

2021

Adv Materials Inter

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Multifrequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) is shown to be an excellent tool for imaging crystal structures at atomic resolution in different spatial directions. However, determining the forces between single atoms remains challenging, particularly in air under ambient conditions. Developed here is a trimodal AFM approach that simultaneously acquires torsional and flexural frequency‐shift images and spectroscopic data to transfer these observables into in‐plane and out‐of‐plane forces between single bonds of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) at atomic resolution in air under ambient conditions based on the Fourier method. It is found that the cantilever mean deflection is an excellent indicator to understand that strong attractive interactions between the tip and the surface of HOPG in dynamic AFM imply a local lift of the topmost carbon layer when using higher eigenmodes for the topographical feedback. Cross‐talk between torsional and flexural‐oscillation modes is shown to be negligible. Interestingly, significant differences are observed in the in‐plane forces depending on the orientation of the carbon bonds relative to the direction of torsional oscillation.

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“…30 For DFM, some novel excitation methods, such as the photothermal excitation method, have excellent performance in the bimodal DAFM and enhance the image quality. [31][32][33][34] Especially in liquid environments, the use of torsional modes by the photothermal excitation method provides additional surface information revealing specic surface features, such as oxygen surface atoms on the calcite (10 14) plane, enhancing the chemical surface contrast at the atomic level. 33 However, considering the limited samples and experimental conditions, the technique should also be studied thoroughly in general atmospheric environment, where the scanning amplitude cannot be too low to maintain the stable feedback experiments due to the presence of water lm on the sample surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different directional energy dissipation of heterogeneous polymers in bimodal atomic force microscopy

Tan

Guo

2019

RSC Adv.

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Dynamic force microscopy (DFM) has become a multifunctional and powerful technique for the study of the micro-nanoscale imaging and force detection, especially in the compositional and nanomechanical properties of polymers. The energy dissipation between the tip and sample is a hot topic in current materials science research. The out-of-plane interaction can be measured by the most commonly used tapping mode DFM, which exploits the flexural eigenmodes of the cantilever and a sharp tip vibrating perpendicular to the sample surface. However, the in-plane interaction cannot be detected by the tapping mode. Here a bimodal approach, where the first order flexural and torsional eigenmodes of the cantilever are simultaneously excited, was developed to detect the out-of-plane and in-plane dissipation between the tip and the polymer blend of polystyrene (PS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The vibration amplitudes and phases have been recorded to obtain the contrast, energy dissipation and virial versus the setpoint ratio of the first order vibration amplitude. The pull-in phenomenon caused by a strong attractive force can occur near the transitional setpoint ratio value, the amplitude setpoint at which the mean force changes from overall attractive to overall repulsive. The in-plane dissipation is much lower than out-of-plane dissipation, but the torsional amplitude image contrast is higher when the tip vibrates near the sample surface. The average tip-sample distance can be controlled by the setpoint ratio to study the in-plane dissipation. Both flexural and torsional phase contrasts and torsional amplitude contrast can also be significantly enhanced in the intermediate setpoint ratio range, in which compliant heterogeneous materials can be distinguished. The experiment results are of great importance to optimize the operating parameters of image contrast and reveal the mechanism of friction dissipation from the perspective of in-and out-ofplane energy dissipation at different height levels, which adds valuable ideas for the future applications, such as compliant materials detection, energy dissipation and the lateral micro-friction measurement and so on.

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Multifrequency force microscopy using flexural and torsional modes by photothermal excitation in liquid: atomic resolution imaging of calcite $(10\bar{1}4)$

Cited by 16 publications

References 49 publications

Torsional And Lateral Eigenmode Oscillations For Atomic Resolution Imaging Of HOPG In Air Under Ambient Conditions

Torsional And Lateral Eigenmode Oscillations For Atomic Resolution Imaging Of HOPG In Air Under Ambient Conditions

Simultaneous Deconvolution of In‐Plane and Out‐of‐Plane Forces of HOPG at the Atomic Scale under Ambient Conditions by Multifrequency Atomic Force Microscopy

Different directional energy dissipation of heterogeneous polymers in bimodal atomic force microscopy

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