Multifocal suppurative granuloma caused by <i>Actinobacillus lignieresii</i> in the peritoneum of a beef steer

Abstract

An imported crossbred Angus beef steer aged eight to twelve months died suddenly on the eighth day of a quarantine period in Japan. Gross examination showed the peritoneum and mesentery consisted of numerous nodules of various sizes. Histological examination revealed chronic suppurative granulomatous peritonitis with eosinophilic rosettes surrounding colonies of Gram-negative bacilli. The bacteria isolated from the nodules were confirmed to be Actinobacillus lignieresii based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed that the isolate was resistant to penicillin. Thus, a diagnosis of atypical actinobacillosis caused by A. lignieresii was made.

Actinobacillus lignieresii‐associated myocellulitis of the nasal planum in a Jersey cow

“…In addition to this classical form of actinobacillosis, other manifestations have also been reported, such as oropharyngeal granulomas, infection of the skin and lymphatic system of the limbs, sometimes with distant dissemination to, for example, the lungs, and peritonitis. [1][2][3] Lymphatic actinobacillosis is endemic in some parts of the world. [4][5][6] This manifestation is due to bacterial penetration of the oropharyngeal mucosa with a primary localisation of the bacteria in the lymphatic system causing lymphangitis and lymphadenitis of the head and neck lymph nodes, possibly with extension to adjacent tissues and fistulation to the skin surface.…”

“…The excessive formation of fibrotic connective tissue makes the texture of the tongue firm, giving rise to the common term ‘wooden tongue’. In addition to this classical form of actinobacillosis, other manifestations have also been reported, such as oropharyngeal granulomas, infection of the skin and lymphatic system of the limbs, sometimes with distant dissemination to, for example, the lungs, and peritonitis 1–3 . Lymphatic actinobacillosis is endemic in some parts of the world 4–6 .…”

Actinobacillosis outbreak in cattle with clinical manifestation of hippopotamus-like face

“…Actinobacillosis, in its classical form, presents with lesions in the tongue and regional lymph nodes of the head and neck (Andreazza et al 2013, Caffarena et al 2017. Atypical cases are described by several authors and characterized by skin lesions (Margineda et al 2013), respiratory system lesions (Peli Agnelo et al 2009), lymph nodes lesions (Caffarena et al 2017) and generalized lymph nodes and organs lesions (Kasuya et al 2017). Lesions on the lips, palate, pharynx, nasal pits and face, when diffuse lead to a clinical picture called hippo-like face.…”

Diverse strains of Actinobacillus lignieresii isolated from clinically affected cattle in a geographically restricted area

“…The tissue typically affected is the tongue, which becomes hard, swollen and painful due to the formation of pyogranulomatous lesions . Although less common, A. lignieresii can also cause pyogranulomatous lesions in other soft tissues, such as the lymph nodes and soft tissues associated with the head and other tissues and organs . However, not all the reports of these other forms of the disease have identified A. lignieresii as the causative agent, as limited bacteriological investigation was undertaken, with identification only to the level of Actinobacillus ‐like bacteria or simply to actinobacilli …”

“…1 Although less common, A. lignieresii can also cause pyogranulomatous lesions in other soft tissues, such as the lymph nodes and soft tissues associated with the head and other tissues and organs. [1][2][3] However, not all the reports of these other forms of the disease have identified A. lignieresii as the causative agent, as limited bacteriological investigation was undertaken, with identification only to the level of Actinobacillus-like bacteria or simply to actinobacilli. 4,5 Actinobacillosis does not normally occur in outbreaks and is normally sporadic, affecting only a small proportion of cattle at a time.…”