Multienzyme Mimicking Cascade Mn₃O₄ Catalyst to Augment Reactive Oxygen Species Elimination and Colorimetric Detection: A Study of Phase Variation upon Calcination Temperature

Abstract

Over decades, nanozyme has served as a better replacement of bioenzymes and fulfills most of the shortcomings and intrinsic disadvantages of bioenzymes. Recently, manganesebased nanomaterials have been highly noticed for redox-modulated multienzyme mimicking activity and wide applications in biosensing and biomedical science. The redox-modulated multienzyme mimicking activity was highly in tune with their size, surface functionalization, and charge on the surface and phases. On the subject of calcination temperature to Mn 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs), its phase has been transformed to Mn 2 O 3 NPs and Mn 5 O 8 NPs upon different calcination temperatures. Assigning precise structure−property connections is made easier by preparing the various manganese oxides in a single step. The present study has focused on the variation of multienzyme mimicking activity with different phases of Mn 3 O 4 NPs, so that they can be equipped for multifunctional activity with greater potential. Herein, spherical Mn 3 O 4 NPs have been synthesized via a one-step coprecipitation method, and other phases are obtained by direct calcination. The calcination temperature varies to 100, 200, 400, and 600 °C and the corresponding manganese oxide NPs are named M-100, M-200, M-400, and M-600, respectively. The phase transformation and crystalline structure are evaluated by powder X-ray diffraction and selected-area electron diffraction analysis. The different surface morphologies are easily navigated by Fourier transform infrared, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. Fortunately, for the mixed valence state of Mn 3 O 4 NPs, all phases of manganese oxide NPs showed multienzyme mimicking activity including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, oxidase (OD), and peroxidase; therefore, it offers a synergistic antioxidant ability to overexpose reactive oxygen species. Mn 3 O 4 NPs exhibited good SOD-like enzyme activity, which allowed it to effectively remove the active oxygen (O 2•− ) from cigarette smoke. A sensitive colorimetric sensor with a low detection limit and a promising linear range has been designed to detect two isomeric phenolic pollutants, hydroquinone (H 2 Q) and catechol (CA), by utilizing optimized OD activity. The current probe has outstanding sensitivity and selectivity as well as the ability to visually detect two isomers with the unaided eye.