Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

Abstract

The continuing spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most urgent and difficult challenges facing global TB control. Patients who are infected with strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, called multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, are practically incurable by standard first-line treatment. In 2012, there were approximately 450,000 new cases and 170,000 deaths because of MDR-TB. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB refers to MDR-TB strains that are resistant to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs. The main causes of the spread of resistant TB are weak medical systems, amplification of resistance patterns through incorrect treatment, and transmission in communities and facilities. Although patients harboring MDR and XDR strains present a formidable challenge for treatment, cure is often possible with early identification of resistance and use of a properly designed regimen. Community-based programs can improve treatment outcomes by allowing patients to be treated in their homes and addressing socioeconomic barriers to adherence. EPIDEMIOLOGY

Re-inventing adherence: toward a patient-centered model of care for drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV

“…Patient-centered care has been shown to have positive effects on patient behavior, well-being, and treatment outcomes. 28 For treatment of DR-TB and HIV, successful programs have included important elements of patient-centered care, including emphasizing patient preference; decentralized, community-based care; 29 and intensive counseling, accompaniment, 30 and support; while programs using mostly conventional models of care have shown poor outcomes. 31 …”

Emerging infectious diseases and blood donation

“…The use of antibiotics and antifungals in agriculture is another cause for EIDs as the pathogens become resistant and hard to treat leading to re‐emerging of previously controllable infections, and at the same time, in several countries, there has been little control with prescription of antibiotics for humans while poor adherence to treatment has allowed for more pathogens to become resistant as with the occurrence of treatment‐resistant tuberculosis and malaria . Other diseases may re‐emerge as a consequence of failure in the healthcare system, and examples are outbreaks of polio and measles in war zones in Syria and cholera in refugee camps .…”

Potential Genes Related to Levofloxacin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Based on Transcriptome and Methylome Overlap Analysis

“…In recent years, the global TB epidemic has declined. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) refers to TB that is resistant to two or more anti-TB drugs, such as rifampicin and isoniazid (Seung et al 2015). The clinical abuse of anti-TB drugs has led to an increasing number of drug-resistant strains.…”