Multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus; its incidence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern.

Abstract

Objective: To determine incidence of MRSA in our community and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Sahara Medical College Narowal. Period: January 2020 to June 2020. Material & Methods: Bacterial isolates were taken from the samples of blood, pus and other body fluids sent to the hospital laboratory to determine culture and sensitivity pattern. Those samples positive for staphylococcus aureus were included in the study for further examination. MRSA were detected using conventional technique (catalase, coagulase and DNase methods) and confirmed by phenotypic and molecular characterization techniques (cefoxitin and oxacillin sensitivity, mec-A gene and 16S rRNA genes sequencing methods). Their antibiotic sensitivity was determined using standard Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Chi square test was applied on collected data using SPSS-24. Results: Total 158 bacterial isolates containing staphylococcus aureus were included in the study. MRSA (multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus) was detected in 33.5% samples and MSSA (multi drug sensitive staphylococcus aureus) was detected in 66.5% samples. Frequency of MSSA was more than MRSA. Male gender was more affected (60%) than female (40%). All bacterial isolates containing staphylococcus aureus were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin. MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, fosfomycin and fusidic acid, rifampicin, clindamycin, minocyclin and chloramphenicol, while resistant to penicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole. Conclusion: MRSA is detected by conventional technique followed by phenotypic and molecular characterization methods for confirmation. Methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus was detected more commonly than methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus in our study sample. Proper culture and antibiotic sensitivity pattern is necessary to deal with MRSA.

Bactericidal Effect of Antibiotics against Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection among Children

“…In our study, there were 11 (15.5%) males and 60 (84.5%) females. Female predominance is mostly because of its short urethra [5] [25] found only 33.3% sensitivity to Amikacin. The sensitivity pattern of drugs is changing and due to rational use of the antibiotics the uropathogens are becoming resistant to multiple drugs.…”

“…The adult UTI is mostly benign whereas in children it can lead to end stage renal disease if not properly treated [5]. The treatment of UTI is started empirically with antibiotics before the culture results are available.…”

“…After first year, there is a female predominance, with a male to female ratio of 1:10 [4]. The short urethra and gramnegative bacteria of vagina are the main cause of predominance in girls [5,6].…”

“…During toilet training most of the time children withhold their urine causing UTI [5]. The main factor which causes UTI is bacteria.…”

“…Many children are getting antibiotics for several diseases such as ear infection, abdominal pain, upper respiratory tract infections and so on without proper prescription so frequently that it causes partially treated urinary infections and resistance [23]. Now another issue is resistance to two or more than two classes of antibiotics, which is called multidrug resistance [5]. There is a risk of antibiotic resistance to ten million lives by 2050 [24].…”