Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates From Captive Reptiles

Foti, Maria; Giacopello, Cristina; Fisichella, Vittorio; Latella, G.

doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2013.08.007

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Therefore, P. aeruginosa can be considered part of the gut microbiota of healthy ophidians. However, the overall P. aeruginosa prevalence found here (59.9%) was lower than expected based on other studies performed on captive snakes (Colinon et al, 2010; Foti et al, 2013; Dipineto et al, 2014). Eighty-nine (35.5%) of the P. aeruginosa isolates were MDR.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

The prevalence ofPseudomonas aeruginosaand multidrug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosain healthy captive ophidian

Sala

Ianni

Pelizzone

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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Background Snakes are globally considered as pet animals, and millions of ophidians are bred in captivity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium that can act as an opportunistic pathogen of man and animals and is frequently present in the oral and cloacal microbiota of healthy ophidians. It can cause severe clinical diseases and often shows antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of P. aeruginosa isolated from the cloacal microbiota of a large population sample of healthy captive ophidians and to evaluate the statistical associations with farming conditions. Methods A total of 419 cloacal swabs were collected from snakes belonging to the Boidae (n = 45), Colubridae (n = 48) and Pythonidae (n = 326) families and inoculated onto complete culture media. Food, water and bedding samples were also analyzed. The antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates was evaluated through the Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion test. Statistical analyses were performed with the chi-square test. Results The prevalence of P. aeruginosa was 59.9%, and 35.5% of these strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). The prevalence of MDR P. aeruginosa was significantly higher in adult samples than in young samples, and widespread resistance to Cephalosporins, Polymyxins and Sulfonamides was observed. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of P. aeruginosa were observed depending on the farm size and snake family. Feeding thawed prey was associated with a higher P. aeruginosa and MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. Moreover, snakes fed home-raised prey had a significantly higher MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence than snakes fed commercially available feed. Less frequent terrarium cleaning was associated with a higher MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. On the other hand, snake reproductive status was not significantly associated with P. aeruginosa or MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. All food, water and bedding samples were negative for P. aeruginosa presence. Discussion The overall P. aeruginosa prevalence found in this study was lower than that found by other authors, but a high proportion of the isolates were MDR. This study highlighted the presence of constitutive (such as age and taxonomic family) and managerial (farm size, cleaning cycle frequency and food type) factors associated with P. aeruginosa and/or MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. Good breeding management and proper antibiotic treatment of P. aeruginosa infections could help reduce the presence of P. aeruginosa and MDR P. aeruginosa in the gut microbiota of snakes and consequently reduce the risk to public health.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

The prevalence ofPseudomonas aeruginosaand multidrug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosain healthy captive ophidian

Sala

Ianni

Pelizzone

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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“…P. aeruginosa were susceptible to ciprofloxacin in 10 of 16 (62·5%) cases, which is comparable to the findings of a study from Japan, where 77% of all P. aeruginosa isolates from chinchillas were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (Hirakawa et al 2010 ). Ciprofloxacin is generally considered as the more potent fluoroquinolone against P. aeruginosa compared to enrofloxacin or marbofloxacin (Oliveira et al 2007, Wildermuth et al 2007, Foti et al 2013. Currently no pharmacokinetic studies in chinchillas on any fluoroquinolone antibiotic are available and therefore choosing dose and frequency relies on extrapolation from studies in other species.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…, Foti et al . ). Currently no pharmacokinetic studies in chinchillas on any fluoroquinolone antibiotic are available and therefore choosing dose and frequency relies on extrapolation from studies in other species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of bacterial conjunctivitis in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera): 49 cases (2005 to 2015)

Ozawa

Mans

Szabo³

et al. 2017

J of Small Animal Practice

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P. aeruginosa is the predominant bacterial species associated with bacterial conjunctivitis in chinchillas. With the exception of duration of clinical signs, information on the anamnesis or physical examination findings cannot aid in distinguishing conjunctivitis caused by P. aeruginosa or other Gram-negative bacteria from the ones caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Gentamicin- or polymyxin B-containing antibiotic formulations are recommended for empirical topical therapy.

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“…This way, veterinarians often deal with these diseases in reptiles empirically, using a wide range of antibiotics [4]. This practice might result in the development of resistant bacterial stumps [5], what stands out due to the potential that resistant bacteria have to generate infections and zoonoses in humans [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the bacterial diseases in serpents, the ones caused by gram-negative agents stand out, which, in most cases, are resistant to medicines of a broad spectrum most commonly used in the clinical routine of wild animals [4]. This way, veterinarians often deal with these diseases in reptiles empirically, using a wide range of antibiotics, what can lead to the development of resistant stumps in the bacteria [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) with Bacterial Clinical Stomatitis

Martins

Ferreira

Santos

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background:Stomatitis is an infectious disease common in serpents and responsible for high mortality rates. It is characterized by the infection of the oral mucosa and neighboring tissues, related to the opportunistic character of bacteria present in the normal microbiota, pathogenic in stressful situations. Few studies have described the profile of sensibility of these agents in serpents of the Brazilian fauna. Therefore, this study has aimed at describing the isolation and identification of the infectious agents involved in the clinic stomatitis in a specimen of green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), and the profile of sensibility and resistance to antimicrobial agents. Case: The serpent has been rescued in an urban environment, without previous records and featured erosive injuries in its oral cavity, with the presence of secretion. In a clinical evaluation, it has been assessed that the specimen had erosive injuries in its oral cavity, with hyperemic points in its mucosa and serous secretion. Then the specimen went through a collection of the secretion from its oral cavity for microbiological analysis. Typical colonies of Enterococcus, Citrobacter and Enterobacter were identified by the colony morphology and their typical odor. The results of these tests were able to confirm and identify the Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter and Enterococcus species. The profile of sensibility to antimicrobials of the isolated microorganisms has been determined through the method of diffusion in the disk of Kirby-Bauer. There was not any sensitive antimicrobial for the three agents. For treatment, based on the antimicrobial profile presented, was used Ciprofloxacin ® associated to daily washings with solution of chlorhexidine 0.12% for 10 days. Clinical cure was observed at the end of this treatment. Discussion: Despite the high frequency of this disease in the clinical routine of snakes, little information about pathogen agents affecting constrictor serpents in their native area is available. Immunodepression, malnutrition, and temperatures and humidity outside the animal thermal comfort zone, are predisposing factors for the development of bacterial diseases in reptiles. Probably, due to the factors that predispose to infection by these bacterial agents, most reports on stomatitis in serpents approach cases occurred in captive animals, differently from what has been presented in this case, which is about a free animal rescued when invading an urban area. The bacteria isolated from the oral cavity of the serpent here reported belong to the normal microbiota of the oral cavity of these animals. Notwithstanding, these bacteria may become pathogenic in certain circumstances. Conditions of undernutrition, stress and oral trauma are considered as predisposing factors to the occurrence of stomatitis in serpents, what can be correlated to the occurrence of the disease in this case. The gram-negative agents causing bacterial diseases in serpents are generally resistant to medicines of the most common spectrum used in the clinical routi...

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Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates From Captive Reptiles

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

The prevalence ofPseudomonas aeruginosaand multidrug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosain healthy captive ophidian

The prevalence ofPseudomonas aeruginosaand multidrug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosain healthy captive ophidian

Epidemiology of bacterial conjunctivitis in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera): 49 cases (2005 to 2015)

Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) with Bacterial Clinical Stomatitis

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