Multidrug-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Associated with Invasive Disease in an Immunocompetent Child

Saraf, Shaily; Jafra, Bikramjit Singh; Ray, Pallab; Rawat, Amit; Verma, Sanjay

doi:10.1007/s12098-021-03923-1

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…However, it should be emphasized that only administration immediately or up to two days after detection of the presence of bacteria in the feces guarantees the effective action of the phage cocktail. When it is administered after a longer period, the bacterial infection is already developed enough to cause a number of negative changes that disrupt the functioning of many systems and organs, including, but not limited to, the spleen and liver, resulting in hepatosplenomegaly [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phage Therapy vs. the Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Salmonella-Infected Chickens: Comparison of Effects on Hematological Parameters and Selected Biochemical Markers

Grabowski

Węgrzyn

et al. 2022

Antibiotics

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Previous studies indicated that the use of a phage cocktail, composed of bacteriophages vB_SenM-2 and vB_Sen-TO17, is effective in killing cells of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis in vitro and in the Galleria mellonella animal model as efficiently as antibiotics (enrofloxacin or colistin) and induced fewer deleterious changes in immune responses. Here, we investigated the effects of this phage cocktail on the hematological parameters and selected biochemical markers in chickens infected with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, in comparison to those caused by enrofloxacin or colistin. We found that treatment with antibiotics (especially with enrofloxacin) caused nonbeneficial effects on red blood cell parameters, including hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. However, Salmonella-induced changes in the aforementioned parameters were normalized by the use of the phage cocktail. Importantly, hepatotoxicity was suggested to be induced by both antibiotics on the basis of increased alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, in contrast to the phage cocktail, which did not influence these enzymes. We conclude that phage therapy with the cocktail of vB_SenM-2 and vB_Sen-TO17 in Salmonella-infected chickens is not only as effective as antibiotics but also significantly safer for the birds than enrofloxacin and colistin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phage Therapy vs. the Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Salmonella-Infected Chickens: Comparison of Effects on Hematological Parameters and Selected Biochemical Markers

Grabowski

Węgrzyn

et al. 2022

Antibiotics

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“…However, NTS includes more than 2000 serotypes, which predominantly include S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, and S. Heidelberg, and can infect both humans and animals [47]. Some NTS serovars like S. Typhimurium phage type DT2, S. Abortusovis, S. Typhisuis, S. Gallinarum, and S. Pullorum primarily infect pigeons, sheep, swine, aquatic birds, and poultry, respectively, whereas S. Dublin and S. Choleraesuis primarily infect cattle and pigs [48][49][50]. Moreover, NTS can easily adapt to a wide range of hosts and can quickly spread from infected hosts by consuming contaminated food and water [51].…”

Section: Salmonella Serotypes and Host Spectrummentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

Lamichhane,

Mawad,

Saleh

et al. 2024

Antibiotics

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Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Salmonella is highly pathogenic and encompasses more than 2600 characterized serovars. The transmission of Salmonella to humans occurs through the farm-to-fork continuum and is commonly linked to the consumption of animal-derived food products. Among these sources, poultry and poultry products are primary contributors, followed by beef, pork, fish, and non-animal-derived food such as fruits and vegetables. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment for salmonellosis, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains have highlighted the urgency of developing antibiotic alternatives. Effective infection management necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the pathogen’s epidemiology and transmission dynamics. Therefore, this comprehensive review focuses on the epidemiology, sources of infection, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and the host range of Salmonella serotypes. This review also investigates the disease characteristics observed in both humans and animals, antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and potential strategies for treatment and control of salmonellosis, emphasizing the most recent antibiotic-alternative approaches for infection control.

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“…Among Salmonella infections, NTS infections are the most common cause of self-limiting illness. Enteric fever caused by typhoid Salmonella has a high mortality and morbidity rate and occurs more frequently in developing nations [117,118]. Salmonella is a prototype foodborne pathogen whose transmission between animals, plants, and humans has been well-documented [110].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among Salmonella infections, NTS infections are the most common cause of selflimiting illness. Enteric fever caused by typhoid Salmonella has a high mortality and morbidity rate and occurs more frequently in developing nations [117,118].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum

Al-Hindi

Albiheyri

Alharbi

et al. 2023

Foods

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Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic foodborne pathogens and a worldwide public health threat. Salmonella enterica is the most pathogenic among Salmonella species, comprising over 2500 serovars. It causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, and the serovars responsible for the later disease are known as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Salmonella transmission to humans happens along the farm-to-fork continuum via contaminated animal- and plant-derived foods, including poultry, eggs, fish, pork, beef, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flour. Several virulence factors have been recognized to play a vital role in attaching, invading, and evading the host defense system. These factors include capsule, adhesion proteins, flagella, plasmids, and type III secretion systems that are encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity islands. The increased global prevalence of NTS serovars in recent years indicates that the control approaches centered on alleviating the food animals’ contamination along the food chain have been unsuccessful. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella variants suggests a potential food safety crisis. This review summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the nomenclature, microbiological features, virulence factors, and the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella infections. The recent outbreaks of salmonellosis reported in different clinical settings and geographical regions, including Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, Europe, and the USA in the farm-to-fork continuum, are also highlighted.

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Multidrug-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Associated with Invasive Disease in an Immunocompetent Child

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Phage Therapy vs. the Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Salmonella-Infected Chickens: Comparison of Effects on Hematological Parameters and Selected Biochemical Markers

Phage Therapy vs. the Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Salmonella-Infected Chickens: Comparison of Effects on Hematological Parameters and Selected Biochemical Markers

Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum

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