Multidrug-Resistant CTX-M and CMY-2 Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy Household Dogs from the Great Metropolitan Area, Costa Rica

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli of healthy household dogs with an emphasis on extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC-type blactamases and resistance to quinolones. Materials and Methods: Rectal swabs were collected from 74 dogs without any clinical evidence of gastrointestinal disease. Samples were cultured on MacConkey agar plates and MacConkey supplemented with 2 mg/mL cefotaxime or 5 mg/mL ciprofloxacin. Isolates were identified with Vitek 2 Compact and susceptibility testing performed by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was done on isolates resistant to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. PCR amplification was performed to detect CTX-M and CMY-2. Isolates positive for CTX-M and/or CMY-2 were selected for whole-genome sequencing. Results: Multiresistance was detected in 56% of the isolates. A high percentage of resistance was detected for cefazolin (63%), ampicillin (54%), streptomycin (49%), nalidixic acid (42%) and tetracycline (38%). The MIC 50 and MIC 90 for isolates resistant to cefotaxime (24%) was determined as 16 and >250 mg/mL, respectively; for ciprofloxacin (18%), 125 and 250 mg/mL, respectively. ESBL (CTX-M type) and AmpC (CMY-2 type) were detected in 6 (7.1%) and 14 (19%) of the isolates, respectively. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed high genetic diversity in most of the isolates and a large variety of resistance mechanisms, including mobile genetic elements. Conclusion: The frequency of multidrug-resistant E. coli is worrying, mainly because of the presence of many isolates producing ESBL and AmpC b-lactamases. Based on the ''One Health'' concept, considering the relationships between animals, humans, and the environment, these data support the notion that companion animals are important reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Prevalence and Characterization of ESBL/AmpC Producing Escherichia coli from Fresh Meat in Portugal

“…CMY-2 is the most common type of plasmid AmpC β-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae throughout the world, in isolates from human and animal origin. In this study, it was identified in eight isolates, which is in concordance with most research studies performed in the various countries, including Portugal [ 2 , 8 , 27 , 45 , 61 , 87 , 88 , 89 ].…”

Identification of genes influencing the evolution of Escherichia coli ST372 in dogs and humans

“…Whole-genome sequencing studies also show that some STs, and closely related strains within these STs, are carried by both dogs and humans [16, 21–23]. Carriage of genes encoding resistance to clinically important antibiotics is also reported [24–26].…”

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of Enterobacterales isolated from two-finger and three-finger sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus variegatus) of Costa Rica

“…However, a recent study revealed high levels of antimicrobial susceptibility for E. coli isolated from fecal samples of Baird’s tapirs ( Tapirus bairdii ) from Costa Rica, which results contrast from the ones of this study (59.0% of meropenem-resistant E. coli isolates) ( Rojas-Jiménez et al, 2019 ). Also, in a study performed on house-hold dogs, no isolates revealed a resistance phenotype against carbapenems ( Rodríguez-González et al, 2020 ). On the other hand, high levels of resistance towards this antimicrobial class were previously detected in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (63.1%) from some of the main hospitals in San Jose ( Toval et al, 2015 ).…”

“…These findings raise concern due to the medical importance of these antimicrobials (carbapenems (meropenem), fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin), and third-generation cephalosporins (ceftazidime)) for both human and veterinary medicine, including wildlife ( Vittecoq et al, 2016 ; McEwen & Collignon, 2018 ; Baros Jorquera et al, 2021 ). Resistance to cephalosporins, including ceftazidime was recently detected in E. coli isolates in healthy household dogs from Costa Rica ( Rodríguez-González et al, 2020 ). Previous research also revealed high levels of AMR towards first generation cephalosporins and enrofloxacin in clinical samples of food-producing animals in Costa Rica ( Mayorga et al, 2015 ; Andino-Molina et al, 2019 ).…”