Diosgenyl saponins possess a variety of biological functions. Herein, we demonstrate a new type of diosgenyl saponin derivatives that inhibit cellular proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines. Thereafter, we analyzed these cells' expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Crucial proteins that participate in apoptosis regulation including caspases 8, 9, and 3, and cleaved Bid were activated and upregulated accompanied by increased concentrations of diosgenyl saponins. Meanwhile, Bcl-2 was downregulated and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased. In our mice model of OSCC, compound 1 showed potent inhibition of solid tumor growth and salient antitumor activity. Diosgenyl β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-Dglucopyranoside might induce OSCC cell line apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, and might provide a mechanistic background for the development of this new type of diosgenylsaponin derivatives into anti-oral cancer agents against OSCC.Key words diosgenyl saponin; oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC); apoptosis Oral cancer is one kind of the head and neck tumors, and is the eighth most common occurring cancers in the whole world.1) The factors related to this disease are reported to be tobacco usage, betel quid chewing, excessive alcohol drinking, dietary micronutrient deficiency, and human papilloma virus infection, etc. Its high incidence can be found worldwidely, including nearly all the continents, and caused serious public health threats.2,3) More than 90% of all oral cancers are attributed to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). OSCC most commonly appears in tongue and the floor of the mouth, whereas it less frequently occurs in other locations such as lip, buccal mucosa, retromolar area, gingiva, soft palate and the back of the tongue and hard palate.4) It is generally accepted that OSCC is caused by mutations of oral keratinocyte: DNA mutations increase hyperplasia of keratinocyte and become pre-malignant or potentially malignant disorders (which are commonly manifested as Leukoplakia or Erythroplakia clinically). Next, they will deteriorate further into the stage of solid cancer or even penetrate across the epithelial basement membrane, and finally metastasize to lymph nodes, bone, brain, liver and other sites.5,6) So it will cause severe threat to the individual life. Also the tendency of its incidence is increasing continuously, around 480000 newly diagnosed cancers per year was reported globally.7) Therefore efficient treatment of OSCC is in urgent demand and is expected to play a key role in combating the overall oral cancers. Current treatment of OSCC has primarily relied on surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy or a combination of these methods. Unfortunately, the symptomatic tend to be diagnosed at an advanced stage, and the 5-year survival rates are still as low as 50% for the past decades. [8][9][10] Since OSCC has a relatively high rate of occult metastases, 11) to the majority of patients with advanced cancer, chemotherapy is an indispensable therapy. However,...