Multidisciplinary constraints of hydrothermal explosions based on the 2013 Gengissig lake events, Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland

Montanaro, Cristian; Scheu, Bettina; Guðmundsson, M. T.; Vogfjörd, K. S.; Reynolds, Hannah I.; Dürig, Tobias; Strehlow, K.; Rott, Stefanie; Reuschlé, Thierry; Dingwell, Donald B.

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.043

Cited by 43 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…More recent analysis of eruption energetics through combined field and laboratory analysis provides some basis for comparison, especially for relatively small, multi-pulse, phreatic eruptions (e.g. Fitzgerald et al 2014;Lube et al 2014;Montanaro et al 2016a). The Te Maari eruption of Tongariro in 2012 ejected ballistic ejecta at ~ 200 m s −1 initiated with a kinetic energy of ~ 1.0 × 10 9 J (Fitzgerald et al 2014) coincident with a pyroclastic surge that travelled ~ 80 m s −1 , equating to ~ 1 × 10 12 J (Lube et al 2014).…”

Section: Energetics Of Ballistic and Surge Emplacementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kaneko et al 2016), there is a renewed research focusing on phreatic eruptions and a growing body of work that can be used to investigate the array of mechanisms that generate these events (e.g. Mayer et al 2015;Montanaro et al 2016a, b). Indeed, with careful fieldwork, modelling and experimental work, the range of processes involved in phreatic eruptions can be better understood and the potential to forecast with adequate warning will improve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phreatic eruption dynamics derived from deposit analysis: a case study from a small, phreatic eruption from Whakāri/White Island, New Zealand

Kilgour

Gates

Kennedy

et al. 2019

Earth Planets Space

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On 27 April 2016, White Island erupted in a multi-pulse, phreatic event that lasted for ~ 40 min. Six, variably sized pulses generated three ballistic ejections and at least one pyroclastic surge out of the inner crater and onto the main crater floor. Deposit mapping of the pyroclastic surge and directed ballistic ejecta, combined with numerical modelling, is used to constrain the volume of the ejecta and the energetics of the eruption. Vent locations and directionality of the eruption are constrained by the ballistic modelling, suggesting that the vent/s were angled towards the east. Using these data, a model is developed that comports with the field and geophysical data. One of the main factors modifying the dispersal of the eruption deposits is the inner crater wall, which is ~ 20 m high. This wall prevents some of the pyroclastic surge and ballistic ejecta from being deposited onto the main crater floor but also promotes significant inflation of the surge, generating a semi-buoyant plume that deposits ash high on the crater walls. While the eruption is small volume, the complexity determined from the deposits provides a case study with which to assess the relatively frequent hazards posed by active volcanoes that host hydrothermal systems. The deposits of this and similar eruptions are readily eroded, and for complete understanding of volcanic hazards, it is necessary to make observations and collect samples soon after these events.

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Section: Energetics Of Ballistic and Surge Emplacementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phreatic eruption dynamics derived from deposit analysis: a case study from a small, phreatic eruption from Whakāri/White Island, New Zealand

Kilgour

Gates

Kennedy

et al. 2019

Earth Planets Space

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Moreover, ice cauldrons also formed around the caldera rim during the following months and years (Bárdarbunga (BB) cauldrons on Figure 2). Ice cauldrons caused by subglacial thermal activity are a persistent feature of many subglacial volcanoes in Iceland and have been observed both as a result of eruptive processes, for example, Gjálp 1996 (Gudmundsson et al, 2004), and due to subglacial geothermal activity, for example, Grímsvötn (Björnsson & Guðmundsson, 1993;Jarosch & Gudmundsson, 2007;Reynolds et al, 2018), Kverkfjöll (e.g., Montanaro et al, 2016), and Katla . Similar manifestations of thermal activity on ice-covered volcanoes have been reported from many regions where glaciers are found on the slopes of volcanoes (e.g., Major & Newhall, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Geothermal Activity at Bárdarbunga, Iceland, Following the 2014–2015 Caldera Collapse, Investigated Using Geothermal System Modeling

et al. 2019

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The gradual collapse of the subglacial Bárdarbunga caldera in 2014–2015 provided an opportunity to explore the geothermal signals produced by large‐scale volcanic events. In August 2014, four ice cauldrons (shallow depressions on the ice surface) formed on the caldera flank. These cauldrons reached their maximum volume rapidly and then shrank, indicating that they were created during minor subglacial eruptions. Several weeks after the start of the collapse, three cauldrons on the caldera rim grew in volume, with four smaller cauldrons forming in 2015–2017. The cauldrons reached volumes in the range of 1.0 ± 0.2 to 27 ± 3 million m3. HYDROTHERM numerical simulations of fluid flow and heat transport in the uppermost 1 km of the crust were performed to explore possible causes for these thermal signals and in particular assess the role of shallow magmatic intrusions. The heat transfer required to create the more rapidly formed caldera‐rim cauldrons can be reproduced with shallow intrusions into high‐permeability pathways, which greatly enhance the surface thermal signal. The preintrusion temperature of the surrounding bedrock has a major effect on heat transfer to the surface, with cold bedrock causing a buffering effect, whereas temperature conditions close to the boiling point of water produce far more efficient heat transfer due to the formation of steam plumes. Not all observed behavior is reproduced by our models, suggesting that geothermal reservoirs below 1‐km depth may play a significant role in the observed thermal anomalies.

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“…The Vatnajökull ice cap in central Iceland overlies several volcanic systems, many of which are associated with geothermal environments ranging from subglacial lakes (Björnsson, ; Gaidos et al., , ) to surface geothermal fields (Cousins et al., ; Ólafsson, Torfason, & Grönvold, ). These environments are unstable due to frequent volcanic and seismic activity along this part of the Iceland rift zone, which often results in the rapid drainage of subglacial and ice‐dammed lakes (Björnsson, ; Montanaro et al., ). Previous studies have revealed different physicochemical environments in such subglacial lakes, ranging from cold, oxic, oligotrophic waters at Grimsvötn (Gaidos et al., ) to anoxic, cold lakes with hydrothermal sulfidic input at Skafta (Gaidos et al., ; Jóhannesson, Thorsteinsson, Stefánsson, Gaidos, & Einarsson, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeochemical probing of microbial communities in a basalt‐hosted hot spring at Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland

et al. 2018

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We investigated bacterial and archaeal communities along an ice-fed surficial hot spring at Kverkfjöll volcano-a partially ice-covered basaltic volcano at Vatnajökull glacier, Iceland, using biomolecular (16S rRNA, apsA, mcrA, amoA, nifH genes) and stable isotope techniques. The hot spring environment is characterized by high temperatures and low dissolved oxygen concentrations at the source (68°C and <1 mg/L (±0.1%)) changing to lower temperatures and higher dissolved oxygen downstream (34.7°C and 5.9 mg/L), with sulfate the dominant anion (225 mg/L at the source). Sediments are comprised of detrital basalt, low-temperature alteration phases and pyrite, with <0.4 wt. % total organic carbon (TOC). 16S rRNA gene profiles reveal that organisms affiliated with Hydrogenobaculum (54%-87% bacterial population) and Thermoproteales (35%-63% archaeal population) dominate the micro-oxic hot spring source, while sulfur-oxidizing archaea (Sulfolobales, 57%-82%), and putative sulfur-oxidizing and heterotrophic bacterial groups dominate oxic downstream environments. The δ C (‰ V-PDB) values for sediment TOC and microbial biomass range from -9.4‰ at the spring's source decreasing to -12.6‰ downstream. A reverse effect isotope fractionation of ~3‰ between sediment sulfide (δ S ~0‰) and dissolved water sulfate (δ S +3.2‰), and δ O values of ~ -5.3‰ suggest pyrite forms abiogenically from volcanic sulfide, followed by abiogenic and microbial oxidation. These environments represent an unexplored surficial geothermal environment analogous to transient volcanogenic habitats during putative "snowball Earth" scenarios and volcano-ice geothermal environments on Mars.

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Multidisciplinary constraints of hydrothermal explosions based on the 2013 Gengissig lake events, Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland

Cited by 43 publications

References 37 publications

Phreatic eruption dynamics derived from deposit analysis: a case study from a small, phreatic eruption from Whakāri/White Island, New Zealand

Phreatic eruption dynamics derived from deposit analysis: a case study from a small, phreatic eruption from Whakāri/White Island, New Zealand

Changes in Geothermal Activity at Bárdarbunga, Iceland, Following the 2014–2015 Caldera Collapse, Investigated Using Geothermal System Modeling

Biogeochemical probing of microbial communities in a basalt‐hosted hot spring at Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland

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