Multidimensional letter similarity derived from recognition errors

Gilmore, Grover C.; Hersh, Harry M.; Caramazza, Alfonso; Griffin, Jacqueline

doi:10.3758/bf03199852

Cited by 148 publications

(146 citation statements)

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“…A third method of analyzing the visual errors is by correlating the confusion matrices gathered in this experiment with other perceptual confusion matrices [Fisher et aI., 1969;Gilmore, Hersh, Caramazza, & Griffin, 1979 Townsend, 1971;Van der Heijden, Malhas, & Van den Roovaart, 1984]. To compare those experiments with this experiment, asymmetries and errors involving vowels were ignored.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing visual short-term memory: Simultaneous versus sequential presentations

Frick

1985

Mem Cogn

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Two experiments testing immediate ordered recall are presented; in these experiments, subjects engaged in repetitive speech ("articulatory suppression") during a visual presentation in order to prevent auditory recoding of the stimuli. In both experiments, a simultaneous presentation produced results that suggested the use of visual short-term memory, whereas a sequential presentation did not. In Experiment 1, visual confusion errors occurred more often than would be expected by chance for a simultaneous presentation but not for a sequential presentation. In Experiment 2, recall from visual short-term memory was expected to suffer more when subjects wrote a prefix than when they spoke a prefix; this effect occurred for a simultaneous presentation but not for a sequential presentation. These results suggest that existence of a visual shortterm store that retains a simultaneous presentation but not a sequential presentation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing visual short-term memory: Simultaneous versus sequential presentations

Frick

1985

Mem Cogn

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“…These results are then used to distinguish among various descriptions of the properties of the letters. The goal has been to find the smallest number of dimensions that best describes the responses (Gilmore, Hersh, Caramazza, & Griffin, 1979;Shepard, 1988;Townsend, 1971). The usual MDS approach differs from the other approaches to information integration, which all specify the sources of information in advance, and then describe various ways in which the values obtained from the evaluation of each source are combined.…”

Section: Multidimensional Scaling (Mds)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Models of integration given multiple sources of information.

Massaro¹,

Friedman²

1990

Psychological Review

217

205

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Several models of information integration are developed and analyzed within the context ofa prototypical pattern-recognition task. The central concerns are whether the models prescribe maximally efficient (optimal) integration and to what extent the models are psychologically valid. Evaluation, integration, and decision processes are specified for each model. Important features are whether evaluation is noisy, whether integration follows Bayes's theorem, and whether decision consists of a criterion rule or a relative goodness rule. Simulations of the models and predictions of the results by the same models are carried out to provide a measure of identifiability or the extent to which the models can be distinguished from one another. The models are also contrasted against empirical results from tasks with 2 and 4 response alternatives and with graded responses. Conceptual FrameworkThere is a growing consensus that behavior reflects the influence of multiple sources of information. Auditory and visual perception, reading and speech perception, and decision making and judgment are modulated by a wide variety of influences (Anderson, 1981;Bruno & Cutting, 1988;Falmagne, 1985;Massaro, 1987aMassaro, , 1988aOden, 1981; Perkell & Klatt, 1986;Welch & Warren, 1980). Until only recently, psychological inquiry was aimed at studying the relationship between behavior and a given single source independently of other sources of information. The common strategy was to eliminate or to hold constant all potential sources of information except the source of interest. This research strategy was most apparent in psychophysics but was also pervasive in perception, memory, and learning.The single-factor experiment was the dominant mode of investigation when one-dimensional functional relationships were the primary goal. Trying to understand behavior when multiple sources of information are available poses additional problems. Factorial experiments seem to be the most promising approach, and we have witnessed immense methodological and theoretical progress in this domain. Specifically, the additivefactor method developed by Sternberg (1969) and Anderson's (1970Anderson's ( , 1981 functional measurement are milestones that will not be easily surpassed. Without these methodologies, there would have been a plethora of idle psychologists in the last couple of decades. True, Fisher (1935) bequeathed the statistical tools for factorial designs long before Anderson, Sternberg, andThe writing of this article was supported, in part, by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NINCDS Grant 20314), a grant from the National Science Foundation (BNS 8812728), and a James McKeen Cattell Fellowship to Dominic W. Massaro; and by a grant from the National Science Foundation (IRI 8812798) to Daniel Friedman.We thank Michael M. Cohen, Yoshihisa Kashima, Roger Shepard, James Townsend, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dominic W. Massaro, Department of Psychology, University of...

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“…When a tachistoscope is used, as opposed to a CRT display, there is the additional consideration that the contrast of some of the target's details are enhanced when parts of the mask coincide with their outlines. Some experimenters take the laudable precaution of selecting sets of target letters based upon data from confusion matrices (Gilmore, Hersh, Caramazza, & Griffin, 1979;Townsend, 1971), but then vitiate these efforts by neglecting to determine whether these letters remain equally recognizable and confusable when followed by the chosen mask. ' A given mask is apt to vary in its effectiveness for different target forms, and when the experimental apparatus is aT-scope, further noise variance may be introduced.…”

Section: University Ofillinois At Urbana-champaign Urbana Illinois 6mentioning

confidence: 99%