Multidimensional Approach to the Development of a Mandarin Chinese–Oriented Sound Test

Abstract

Through adopting language-dependent modifications, caregivers and professionals should have a more adequate tool to monitor children's auditory access to the full range of Mandarin speech sounds.

Validation of the Chinese Sound Test: Auditory Performance of Hearing Aid Users

“…The most widely used screening test for detecting hearing fluctuations and poor auditory access in Englishspeaking regions is the Ling Six-Sound Test (Ling, 1976(Ling, , 2002, which comprises six phonemes from low to high frequencies: /m, u, a, i, ʃ, and s/. To provide a highly accurate diagnosis, several modified versions of the Ling Six-Sound Test have been developed for non-American English speakers in order to incorporate their native speech sounds, such as the Australian English Sound Test (Agung, Purdy, & Kitamura, 2005) and the Chinese Sound Test (Hung, Lin, Tsai, & Lee, 2016;Hung & Ma, 2016). In the Australian version, /u / was replaced with /ɔ/ because /ɔ/ is lower in frequency than /u / in the Australian accent.…”

Vowel production of Mandarin-speaking hearing aid users with different types of hearing loss

“…The closing at the outer ear pathway could cause the occlusion effect, which increases sound at 500 Hz up to 25 dB or at 200 Hz up to 40 dB [81]. In contrast to /a/ and /u/ with both formants located in the low-to-mid frequency range, the vowel /i/ is more dispersed in the phonetic space, with F1 in low frequencies and F2 in high frequencies [77]. In other words, when wearing bone-conducting HAs, the high-frequency component of the transmitted signal is likely to be masked, at least to some extent, by the low-frequency sounds, leading to perceptual distortion.…”

“…The semimajor and semiminor of the ellipse represented either the SDs of the mean F1 or the mean F2. To determine the interspeaker variability for each vowel, the area of ellipse was calculated, with the centre coordinates corresponding to the average values of F1 and F2 as a reference [57,77]. Larger areas were indicative of enhanced interspeaker variability [60,75,76].…”

Índice de inteligibilidade de fala e teste Ling-6 (HL): correlações em escolares usuários de próteses auditivas

“…O teste inclui os fonemas /m/, /u/, /a/, /i/, /ʃ/ e /s/, apresentados a viva voz em campo livre, e pode ser usado na avaliação dos vários níveis de habilidade auditiva, por meio de quatro tarefas distintas: detecção, discriminação, reconhecimento e repetição (4,5) . Os estímulos são validados e naturais, o que auxilia, portanto, na avaliação do limiar com próteses, considerando o moderno processamento de sinal dos dispositivos atuais.…”

“…Os estímulos são validados e naturais, o que auxilia, portanto, na avaliação do limiar com próteses, considerando o moderno processamento de sinal dos dispositivos atuais. As características acústicas de cada um dos fonemas que compõem o teste são apresentadas no Quadro 1 -adaptado (4) .…”