Multicore optical fiber

SUMMARYThe potential transmission capacity of a standard single-mode fiber peaks at around 100 Tb/s owing to fiber nonlinearity and the bandwidth limitation of amplifiers. As the last frontier of multiplexing, space-division multiplexing (SDM) has been studied intensively in recent years. Although there is still time to deploy such a novel fiber communication infrastructure; basic research on SDM has been carried out. Therefore, a comprehensive review is worthwhile at this time toward further practical investigations.

Section: Fibers For Sdmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Space-Division Multiplexing Technologies in Optical Communications

Awaji¹

2019

“…In the Initiative, we focused on identifying ultimate physical limitations, i.e., the amount of optical power (capacity) that can be transmitted safely in optical fibers, the bandwidth for optical amplification, and the capacity of optical submarine cables systems limited by the electrical power consumed by the optical amplifier repeaters. Most specifically, we proposed the use of the last degree of freedom, "space" for multiplexing and the need to develop new optical fibers (MCFs [7], few-mode fibers (FMFs)) and new multiplexing schemes, namely, space-division multiplexing (SDM) and mode-division multiplexing (MDM) [8] as shown in Fig. 1.…”

Section: Exat Initiativementioning

confidence: 99%

R&D of 3M Technologies towards the Realization of Exabit/s Optical Communications

Morioka¹,

Awaji²,

Matsushima

et al. 2017

“…For this, multi-core fibers or multi(few)-mode fibers may provide a cost effective solution in the future. Extensive studies [106], [107] are being addressed on this, while the wide deployment will be seen when the overall cost of multi-core fibers and the related technologies including multi-channel optical amplifiers, parallel optical switch elements, connectors, and opto-electronics integration becomes competitive with single core systems.…”

Section: Future Directions On Optical Networkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Networking Paradigm: Past, Recent Trends and Future Directions

Oki

Wada

Okamoto

et al. 2017

SUMMARY This paper presents past and recent trends of optical networks and addresses the future directions. First, we describe path networks with the historical backgrounds and trends. path networks have advanced by using various multiplexing technologies. They include time-division multiplexing (TDM), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), and wavelengthdivision multiplexing (WDM). ATM was later succeeded to multi-protocol label switching (MPLS). Second, we present generalized MPLS technologies (GMPLS). In GMPLS, the label concept of MPLS is extended to other labels used in TDM, WDM, and fiber networks. GMPLS enables network operators to serve networks deployed by different technologies with a common protocol suite of GMPLS. Third, we describe multi-layer traffic engineering and a path computation element (PCE). Multi-layer traffic engineering designs and controls networks considering resource usages of more than one layer. This leads to use network resources more efficiently than the single-layer traffic engineering adopted independently for each layer. PCE is defined as a network element that computes paths, which are used for traffic engineering. Then, we address software-defined networks, which put the designed network functions into the programmable data plane by way of the management plane. We describe the evaluation from GMPLS to software defined networking (SDN) and transport SDN. Fifth, we describe the advanced devices and switches for optical networks. Finally, we address advances in networking technologies and future directions on optical networking.