Multiconfessionalism in Central Europe

Philosophy in Poland: Varieties of Anti-Irrationalism. A Commitment to Reason without the Worship of Reason

“…For example, Jan Ostroróg (1436-1501) claimed that it is precisely the law that establishes a state, and put stress upon the independence of state law from the Church. 22 The most groundbreaking figure of that period, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski (Latin Andreas Fricius Modrevius, 1503-1572) argued, among many other things, that everyone is equal under the law, whether a peasant, noble or even the king (see Ulam 1946;Skoczyński and Woleński 2010;Louthan 2011;Huber 2014;Ptaszyński 2015; also in some respects Butterwick 2001).…”

Nebulous Ottomans vs. Good Old Habsburgs: A Historiographical Comparison

“…Polish Calvinists, for instance, took practices from other confessions that would have surprised the Calvinists in Geneva. 39 While there existed such "confessional permeability" in some parts of Central Europe, recent case studies have also questioned the role of central governments or religious reforms in determining the confessional character of a region. There is evidence that in the bishopric of Speyer or in the rural communities of Bern's Calvinist territory confessional cultures did not evolve as a result of measures implemented by the central governments or Tridentine reform.…”