Multicomponential affective processes modulating food-seeking behaviors

Needing: an active inference process for physiological motivation

“…The proposed model of needing has potential to be extended to broader psychological phenomena in humans (Pool et al, 2016; Stussi & Pool, 2022; Maslow, 1943; Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Maner et al, 2007). This framework could also be applied to drug dependence/addiction, where a crucial question arises: does drug consumption stem from needing, where the drug state becomes embedded as a prior preference over internal states (Turel & Bechara, 2016; O’Brien et al, 2006), or from wanting, driven by excessive dopamine sensitization to drug-related policies leading to the drug (Berridge & Robinson, 2016; O’Brien et al, 2006)?…”

“…Can the ideas discussed here be extended to social needs and wants? Wanting, as defined in the incentive salience hypothesis, has been proposed to possibly be extended to more general, psychological matters in humans (see Pool et al, 2016.;Stussi & Pool, 2022). In humans, needs can also go beyond homeostatic needs and include, for instance, social needs such as belongingness (Maslow, 1943;Baumeister & Leary, 1995;Maner et al, 2007).…”

Editorial: The neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings of appetitive and aversive motivation

“…The neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings of appetitive and aversive motivation Motivation is a complex construct encompassing the processes involved in the initiation, direction, energization, intensity, and persistence of behavior. These processes are central to survival and wellbeing: They help organisms anticipate, adapt, and react to changes in their internal states and in their environment by eliciting multifarious affective responses and appetitive or defensive behaviors (Berridge, 2018;Levy and Schiller, 2021;Stussi and Pool, 2022). For instance, organisms are typically motivated by the opportunity of obtaining rewards and avoiding punishments or threats, which in turn facilitates the execution of approach and avoidance behaviors, respectively (Guitart-Masip et al, 2014;Starita et al, 2022).…”

The added value of affective processes for models of human cognition and learning

“…This fundamental learning process enables individuals to attribute value to states or stimuli and actions via teaching signals such as rewards and punishments. These reinforcers and their associated stimuli typically evoke affective responses, which are core components of reward-seeking and threat-related behaviors (Levy & Schiller, 2021;Stussi & Pool, 2022). Affective processes also modulate how individuals learn from reinforcers.…”