Multicomponent (4C) towed-streamer design for high signal fidelity recording

Goujon, Nicolas; Teigen, Øyvind; Özdemir, Kemal; Kjellesvig, B. A.; Robertsson, Johan; Rentsch, S.

doi:10.1190/segam2012-1211.1

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…), or 4C streamers (Goujon et al . ) to apply a pressure–motion summation such as the one (PZ) already developed for seabed acquisition. The two sensor types that are summed may be hydrophone and geophone (Z for 2C) or hydrophone and accelerometers (Y–Z for 3C and X–Y–Z for 4C).…”

Section: Marine Equipment For Broadband Seismicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4(D)). For the receivers, contractors have developed proprietary multicomponent 2C (Tenghamm and Dhelie 2009), 3C (Mellier et al 2014), or 4C streamers (Goujon et al 2012) to apply a pressure-motion summation such as the one (PZ) already developed for seabed acquisition. The two sensor types that are summed may be hydrophone and geophone (Z for 2C) or hydrophone and accelerometers (Y-Z for 3C and X-Y-Z for 4C).…”

Section: A R I N E E Q U I P M E N T F O R B R O a D B A N D S E I mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine, seabed, and land seismic equipment for broadband acquisition: a review

Mougenot¹

2017

Geophysical Prospecting

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The broadband capabilities of marine, seabed, and land seismic equipment are reviewed with respect to both the source and the receiver sides. In marine acquisition, the main issue at both ends of the spectrum relates to ghosts occurring at the sea surface. Broadband deghosting requires towing at variable depth to introduce notch diversity or using new equipment like multi‐component and/or low‐noise streamers. As a result, a doubling of the bandwidth from about three to six octaves (2.5–200 Hz) has been achieved. Such improvement is not yet observed for seabed surveys in spite of deghosting being a standard process on the receiver side. One issue may be related to the coupling of the particle motion sensor, particularly at high frequencies. For land acquisition, progress came from the vibrators. New shakers and control electronics using broadband sweeps made it possible to add two more octaves to the low‐frequency signal (from 8 to 2 Hz). Whereas conventional 10 Hz geophones are still able to record such low frequencies, 5 Hz high gain geophones or digital accelerometers enhance them to keep the signal above the noise floor. On the high end of the bandwidth, progress is not limited by equipment specifications. Here, the issue is related to a low signal‐to‐noise ratio due to the strong absorption that occurs during signal propagation. To succeed in enlarging the bandwidth, these improved equipment and sweeps must be complemented by a denser spatial sampling of the wavefield by point–source and point–receiver acquisition.

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Section: Marine Equipment For Broadband Seismicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A R I N E E Q U I P M E N T F O R B R O a D B A N D S E I mentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine, seabed, and land seismic equipment for broadband acquisition: a review

Mougenot¹

2017

Geophysical Prospecting

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“…; Goujon et al . ). Wave‐field separation is applied in the over‐under method to separate the up‐going and down‐going (ghost) wavefield.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The three main methods in use are: dual/multi-sensor OBC/OBN (Ocean Bottom Cable/Node) or towed streamer; over-under streamers and slanted/multilevel streamers. The dual/multi-sensor technique takes advantage of the polarity difference between the hydrophone and the velocity sensor and has been widely used (Berni 1985;Barr and Sanders 1989;Barr 1997;Carlson et al 2007;Tenghamn et al 2007;Long et al 2008;Cambois et al 2009a;Goujon et al 2012). Wave-field separation is applied in the over-under method to separate the up-going and down-going (ghost) wavefield.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical study on multi‐level source design

Shen

Elboth

Tian

et al. 2014

Geophysical Prospecting

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A B S T R A C TThis paper studies aspects that influence the de-ghosting performance of marine multi-level sources based on a modified Johnson model. The normalized squared error between actual signature and its corresponding ghost-free signature is introduced to evaluate the multi-level source design. The results show that optimum depth combinations and volume combinations exist in the design. However, there is also some flexibility in the volume combination which makes it possible to optimize with respect to residual bubble oscillation. By considering both operational aspects and performance, we propose that three or four levels in a multi-level source are reasonable. Compared to a horizontal source, a multi-level source can be designed to reduce the notch effect, strengthen the down-going energy and improve the energy transmission directivity. Studies of the influence of depth and firing time deviations indicate that a multi-level source is more stable than a normal horizontal source in an operational environment.

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Multicomponent (4C) towed-streamer design for high signal fidelity recording

Cited by 2 publications

References 5 publications

Marine, seabed, and land seismic equipment for broadband acquisition: a review

Marine, seabed, and land seismic equipment for broadband acquisition: a review

Theoretical study on multi‐level source design

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