Multibarrier waste forms. Part I. Development

Rusín, Jiří; Lokken, R.O.; Lukacs, J.M.; Sump, K. R.; Browning, M.F.; McCarthy, Gregory J.

doi:10.2172/6525018

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Waste loading 56%. [31][32][33]35,37,38] Crystalline ceramic waste pellets coated with pyrolytic carbon and Al 2 0 3 and embedded in sintered copper or sand [31,32,38]. Spherical ceramic particles prepared by the Sol-gel proceps may also be used (31,39,40).…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of Radiation Effects in Solid Radioactive Waste

Permar

McDonell

Effects of Radiation on Materials

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Proposed NRC criteria for disposal of high-level nuclear waste require development of waste packages to contain radionuclides for at least 1000 years, and design of repositories to prevent radionuclide release at an annual rate greater than 1 part in 100 000 of the total activity. The high-level wastes that are now temporarily stored as aqueous salts, sludges, and calcines must be converted to high-integrity solid forms that resist deterioration from radiation and other effects of long-term storage. Spent fuel may be encapsulated for similar long-term storage. Candidate waste forms beside the spent fuel elements themselves, include borosilicate and related glasses, mineral-like crystalline ceramics, concrete formulations, and metal-matrix glass or ceramic composites. These waste forms will sustain damage produced by beta-gamma radiation up to 1012 rads, by alpha radiation up to Iol9 particles/g, by internal helium generation greater than about 0.1 atom percent, and by the atom transmutations accompanying radioactive decay. Current data indicate that under these conditions the glass forms suffer only minor volume changes, stored energy deposition, and leachability effects. The crystalline ceramics appear susceptible to the potentially more severe alterations accompanying metamictization and natural analogs of candidate materials are being examined to establish their suitability as waste forms. Helium concentrations in the waste forms are generally below thresholds for severe dama~e in either glass or crystalline ceramics at low temperatures, but microstructural effects are not well characterized. Transmutation effects remain to be established. • SIGNIFICANCE OF RADIATION EFFECTS IN SOLID RADIOACTIVE WASTE

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Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of Radiation Effects in Solid Radioactive Waste

Permar

McDonell

Effects of Radiation on Materials

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“…Vitromelt is a composite wasteform in which glass beads (0.5 cm) are embedded in a metal matrix (usually a Pb alloy). [154,155,156] For example, waste immobilized in calcium silicate pellets was encapsulated in a lead matrix. In one variation of the commercial PAMELA vitromet process phosphate glass beads containing HLW were produced by passing molten glass through nozzles.…”

Section: Metal Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radioactive waste (RAW) conditioning, immobilization, and encapsulation processes and technologies: overview and advances

Jantzen¹,

Lee²,

Ojovan³

2013

Radioactive Waste Management and Contaminated Site Clean-Up

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“…Vacuum casting techniques have been developed at ICPp(87) and PNL. (9,88) This technique is useful to achieve molten metal penetration into the interparticle voids. Disc pelletized zirconia wastes and calcine have been encapsulated in lead and aluminum alloys.…”

Section: Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of high-level waste form properties. [146 bibliographies]

Rusín¹

1980

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This report is a review of waste form options for the immobilization of high-level-liquid wastes from the nuclear fuel cycle. This review covers the status of international research and development on waste formS as of May 1979. Although the emphasis in this report is on waste form properties, process parameters are discussed where they may affect final waste form properties. A summary table is provided listing properties of various nuclear waste form options. It is concluded that proposed waste forms have properties falling within a relatively narrow range. In regard to crystalline versus glass waste forms, the conclusion is that either glass ~crystalline materials can be shown to have some advantage when a single property is considered; however, at this date no single waste form offers optimum properties over the entire range of characteristics investigated. A long-term effort has been applied to the development of glass and calcine waste forms. Several additional waste forms have enough promise to warrant continued research and development to bring their state of development up to that of glass and calcine. Synthetic minerals, the multi barrier approach with coated particles in a metal matrix, and high pressure-high temperature ceramics offer potential advantages and need further study. Although this report discusses waste form properties, the total waste management system should be considered in the final selection of a waste form option. Canister design, canister materials, overpacks, engineered barriers, and repository characteristics, as well as the waste form, affect the overall performance of a waste management system. These parameters were not considered in this comparison.

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Multibarrier waste forms. Part I. Development

Cited by 14 publications

References 5 publications

Significance of Radiation Effects in Solid Radioactive Waste

Significance of Radiation Effects in Solid Radioactive Waste

Radioactive waste (RAW) conditioning, immobilization, and encapsulation processes and technologies: overview and advances

Review of high-level waste form properties. [146 bibliographies]

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