Multiannual occurrence of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds for pigs in the Czech Republic

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the individual and combined occurrence of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds for pigs in the Czech Republic in the years 2013–2017. The samples were analysed for the occurrence of aflatoxins (AF), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FUM), and T-2/H-2 toxins. The mycotoxin most commonly found in maize and small cereal grain samples was deoxynivalenol (94% and 53%, respectively). Deoxynivalenol was also the most frequent mycotoxin in all types of swine feed. The most frequent mycotoxin combinations in the total number of samples were DON + ZEA (56.63%), DON + OTA (11.61%) and DON + sum of T2/HT2 (9.76%). The maximum values set by the European Commission for mycotoxin levels in feed ingredients and complete feeds were exceeded in the case of AFB1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A and T-2/H-2 toxins. Our findings support the need for further monitoring of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds for pigs in the Czech Republic.

Deoxynivalenol Occurrence in Triticale Crops in Romania during the 2012–2014 Period with Extreme Weather Events

“…In Romania, extreme precipitation and floods were recorded throughout the country, but the south was most affected, namely the Southern Hilly Area, the Oltenia Plain, the Southern Plain and Dobrogea ( Figure 1 and Figure 3 ). Local precipitation during anthesis of cereals has been correlated with deoxynivalenol contamination in maize in northeastern Italy, wheat in Switzerland, wheat, grain and maize in the Czech Republic, wheat and maize in Hungary, wheat, triticale, winter barley and oats in Poland (Central Europe), unprocessed cereals and soybean in Croatia, wheat, barley, maize in Bosnia and Herzegovina, wheat in Albania, wheat and maize in Serbia, wheat, triticale and rye in Romania (southeastern Europe), wheat in Lithuania, and animal feed across Europe ( Figure 1 , Figure 4 , Figures S.2.3 and S.4 ) [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 83 , 84 , 86 ]. From previous data, it was observed that the extreme weather events in 2012–2014 favoured the deoxynivalenol occurrence in all cereal types, but the extreme precipitation in July 2014 most affected maize crops ( Figure S.4 ).…”

“…In 2014, deoxynivalenol occurrence in cereals had a very high incidence and level, correlated with extreme precipitation and floods produced by the “Vb” cyclone in Central Europe and the “Vb(1c)” cyclone in southeastern Europe. Deoxynivalenol occurrence was reported in maize in northeastern Emilia Romagna in Italy (origin zone of the “Vb” cyclones), in cereals and soybean in Croatia, in winter wheat in the Bern canton of Switzerland, in cereals and maize in northern Bohemia of the Czech Republic, in triticale, wheat, winter barley and oats in the southeastern Polish regions of Borusowa, Małopolska (Central Europe), in wheat, maize and barley in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in maize in Albania, in wheat and maize in Vojvodina in northern Serbia, in triticale, winter wheat, durum wheat and rye in Romania (Southeast Europe), and in animal feeds in Russia, the Netherlands and globally [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 84 , 85 , 86 ].…”

“…Other European countries, including Italy, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Serbia, reported contamination with deoxynivalenol and other mycotoxins in maize, winter wheat, durum wheat, barley, soybean and spelt especially in extremely rainy 2014. Romania reported deoxynivalenol in winter wheat, durum wheat and rye crops [ 12 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. The European and non-European countries that registered the deoxynivalenol-maize outbreak requested a derogation from the maximum allowed limit and received approval from the European Commission [ 6 , 66 ].…”

The Effectiveness of Dietary Byproduct Antioxidants on Induced CYP Genes Expression and Histological Alteration in Piglets Liver and Kidney Fed with Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A

“…One of the main difficulties encountered in controlling mycotoxins is that more than one type of mycotoxin is present in a batch of fodder or cereal at the same time. Thus, feeding of piglets and pigs with contaminated feed with several types of mycotoxins, even if they are in minimum concentrations, can cause numerous negative consequences due to their synergistic effect [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. In this context, diminishing and eliminating the negative effects of mycotoxins found in swine feed could decrease production cost and loss in the pig industry.…”

Occurrence of mycotoxins in complete poultry feeds in the Czech Republic - Multiannual survey (2013-2018)

“…The analyses were carried out at either the State Veterinary Institutes in Jihlava, Olomouc or Prague or at the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture (the national reference laboratory in Brno) by the methods de-https://doi.org/10.17221/109/2020-VETMED scribed in Table 1. The sampling and analytical procedures used for the determination of the mycotoxin concentrations in the poultry feeds were the same as was previously described in detail in Svoboda et al (2019).…”