Multi-valued and Fuzzy Logic Realization using TaOx Memristive Devices

Abstract

Among emerging non-volatile storage technologies, redox-based resistive switching Random Access Memory (ReRAM) is a prominent one. The realization of Boolean logic functionalities using ReRAM adds an extra edge to this technology. Recently, 7-state ReRAM devices were used to realize ternary arithmetic circuits, which opens up the computing space beyond traditional binary values. In this manuscript, we report realization of multi-valued and fuzzy logic operators with a representative application using ReRAM devices. Multi-valued logic (MVL), such as Łukasiewicz logic generalizes Boolean logic by allowing more than two truth values. MVL also permits operations on fuzzy sets, where, in contrast to standard crisp logic, an element is permitted to have a degree of membership to a given set. Fuzzy operations generally model human reasoning better than Boolean logic operations, which is predominant in current computing technologies. When the available information for the modelling of a system is imprecise and incomplete, fuzzy logic provides an excellent framework for the system design. Practical applications of fuzzy logic include, industrial control systems, robotics, and in general, design of expert systems through knowledge-based reasoning. Our experimental results show, for the first time, that it is possible to model fuzzy logic natively using multi-state memristive devices.

Key necroptotic proteins are required for Smac mimetic-mediated sensitization of cholangiocarcinoma cells to TNF-α and chemotherapeutic gemcitabine-induced necroptosis

“…https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227454.g006 improve gemcitabine efficacy and decrease its side effects, here, we reported for the first time that a Smac mimetic enhanced gemcitabine-induced necroptosis in CCA cell lines. Smac mimetic-mediated sensitization to chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis and necroptosis has been previously reported in several cancer cells and has been reported to suppress tumor growth in preclinical mouse models and early clinical trials of various cancers [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]70]. The results of a study in colon cancer in which the combination of a Smac mimetic and standard chemotherapeutic drugs, when a caspase inhibitor was blocked, were independent of necroptosis [25].…”

“…In contrast to previous studies, we found that gemcitabine induced caspase-independent cell death and was independent of the key necroptotic proteins RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL (S7 Fig). Accumulating evidence shows that small molecules that antagonize IAPs, Smac mimetics, greatly increase chemotherapy response to both apoptosis and necroptosis in cancer cells, although necroptosis has been far less examined [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. We first examined the expression of cIAP1 and cIAP2 in a panel of CCA cells and found that both cIAP1 and cIAP2 were differentially expressed in CCA cell lines ( S5 Fig).…”

Crossbar-Constrained Technology Mapping for ReRAM Based In-Memory Computing

“…Further, to enable uniform analog switching, fast speed, along with excellent retention properties, a thermal enhanced layer has been proposed to confine heat in switching layer [22]. Multi-state memristors have also been used for ternary arithmetic as well as native multi-valued logic implementation [23], [24]. Ot has been experimentally demonstrated that 3D-fabrication is feasible for resistive RAM arrays [25].…”

“…And(currentLiterals); 22 while All the activeCubes have not been computed; 23 result = XorReduction(activeCubes, result); 24 while Some cube has not been computed;…”

Polymerase Spiral Reaction Assay for Rapid and Real Time Detection of West Nile Virus From Clinical Samples

“…The PSR method has the advantages of high specificity, sensitivity and rapidity under isothermal conditions over other established gene amplification methods. Until now, the PSR technique has been developed for bacteria (Liu et al, 2015 , 2018 ) yeast ( Candida albicans) and DNA viruses (canine parvovirus and Bovine herpesvirus-1) (Xiaoqun et al, 2016 ). PSR approach is based on strand displacement activity of Bst DNA polymerase enzyme, isolated from Bacillus stearothermophillus .…”