Multi-source thermal model describing multi-region structure of transverse momentum spectra of identified particles and parameter dynamics of system evolution in relativistic collisions

How far can we see back in time in high-energy collisions using charm hadrons?

“…The Tsallis-Pareto family of distributions, derived from the generalization of the traditional Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy, successfully unite the two regions of the spectrum [19][20][21]. It has been shown in several recent studies that various parametrizations of these distributions fit well to the measured data from RHIC to LHC energies [19,22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. While thermal equilibrium is often assumed implicitly in heavy-ion collisions, it is debated whether it can form [33,34], and it is even less likely to be encountered in small collision systems.…”