Multi-site PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 aerosol source apportionment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract

Foi realizada a amostragem de aerossol em dez locais distribuídos em diferentes regiões da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, de setembro/2003 a setembro/2004, em uma base semanal com amostragens de 24 horas. As frações do aerossol PM 2.5 e PM 2.5-10 foram amostradas usando um sistema com filtros em série. Foram determinadas: a massa do aerossol, carbono elementar, a concentração dos íons solúveis, assim como a concentração total de alumínio, cálcio, ferro, magnésio, potássio, sódio e titânio. A concentração mássica média anual do PM 10 variou de 18 a 38 μg m -3 , sem violação dos padrões brasileiros de qualidade do ar. Para as frações fina e grossa, entre 70 e 90% da massa medida foi identificada como sendo devido à poucas fontes, sendo que a poeira do solo explica 37-63% da massa da fração grossa (PM 2.5-10 ). Por outro lado, o carbono elementar e o aerossol secundário representam proporções elevadas (45-58%) da massa da fração fina (PM 2.5 ).Aerosol sampling was performed at ten sites distributed in different location of Rio de Janeiro city, from September/2003 to Sepetember/2004, on a weekly basis with 24 h sampling time interval. PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 aerosol particles were sampled using Stacked Filter Units (SFU). Aerosol mass, black carbon, water soluble ions concentration as well as total aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium and titanium concentration were determined. Mean annual PM 10 mass concentration ranged from 18 to 38 μg m -3 , without violation of the Brazilian air quality standards. For fine and coarse modes, between 70 and 90% of the measured mass was apportioned to relatively few sources, soil dust accounts for 37-63% of the coarse mode mass. On the other hand, black carbon and secondary aerosol, related to anthropogenic sources as fuel burning, represents very high proportions (45-58%) of the PM 2.5 mass.Keywords: Brazil, air pollution, aerosol, source apportionment IntroductionThe city of Rio de Janeiro is one of the twenty biggest urban agglomerations in the world, with 11 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area and the first, among the Brazilian cities, in respect to the population density, with 1700 hab/km 2 . 1,2 Among the metropolitans regions existing in the country, Rio de Janeiro has the highest degree of urbanization, 96.8%, and responds for 80% of the internal income of the State and 13% of the Country. 1,3 Factors such as local topography, irregular occupation of the space, presence of open sea and a fraction of the urban area at the Guanabara Bay influence the urban atmosphere of the city of Rio de Janeiro. These factors result in an efficient, however complex, regimen of atmospheric circulation, combining winds with the canalizations originated from its topography, and, consequently, contributing to an irregular distribution and dispersion of pollutants. The climatological evaluation of the atmospheric circulation in Rio de Janeiro shows that the highest wind direction frequency is from SouthSoutheast to Northeast sectors, along the year, with average wind velocity o...

Monitoring of air quality before the Olympic Games Rio 2016

“…Urca's station was the sampling point with less vehicular influence while lagoa was more impacted. The annual average Pm 2.5 concentrations observed at maracanã ranged from 6 to 13 µg m -3 , which are similar to the previous study from 2003 to 2005 (9.8 to 11 µg m -3 ) (Soluri et al 2007, Godoy et al 2009). On the other hand, previous studies performed in Recreio dos Bandeirantes registered lower concentrations of Pm 2.5 (7.7 µg m -3 ) (Soluri et al 2007, Godoy et al 2009) than in this one (11 to 16 µg m -3 ).…”

“…The annual average Pm 2.5 concentrations observed at maracanã ranged from 6 to 13 µg m -3 , which are similar to the previous study from 2003 to 2005 (9.8 to 11 µg m -3 ) (Soluri et al 2007, Godoy et al 2009). On the other hand, previous studies performed in Recreio dos Bandeirantes registered lower concentrations of Pm 2.5 (7.7 µg m -3 ) (Soluri et al 2007, Godoy et al 2009) than in this one (11 to 16 µg m -3 ). Since 2008, this site has been received more influence of heavy traffic due to the construction of an expressway for bus circulation (BRT-TransOeste) and constructions of Arenas (Sport Parks) and Villages' Athletics for the Olympic Games (Ventura et al 2016(Ventura et al , 2017b, resulting in high levels of pollutants.…”

“…With very similar characteristics to Athens, Greece, Rio de Janeiro city is also surrounded by the sea and mountains, which have an enormous impact in the pollutants atmospheric dispersion and, consequently, in the air quality. Although Rio de Janeiro is a coastal city, which helps the natural ventilation, its steep topography, parallel to the cost line, makes the air circulation more difficult (Soluri et al 2007, Godoy et al 2009. Another factor that influences the city's air quality is the irregular land-use.…”

Trace metals in the urban aerosols of Rio de Janeiro city

“…[11][12][13] Over the last few years, several studies describing the PM 2.5 particulate matter were obtained in Rio de Janeiro City. 14,15 In 2009, Godoy et al 15 published results describing aerosol samples that were collected in ten locations in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area, and the trace elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (ICP-MS). After applying multivariate analysis, Godoy et al 15 concluded that soil dust is the main source of coarse aerosol particles, with sea-spray and vehicular traffic being the next most common sources.…”

Caracterização do material particulado fino e grosso e composição da fração inorgânica solúvel em água em São José dos Campos (SP)

“…São vários os trabalhos brasileiros relacionados à composição química do MP atmosférico em áreas influenciadas pelas emissões veiculares, industriais e atividades relacionadas à produção de energia, 6 entretanto, são poucos os estudos em áreas urbanas relacionados à composição química de substâncias inorgânicas solúveis em água associadas às PI coletadas por equipamentos que permitam seu fracionamento sob as formas de MP 2,5 e MP 2,5-10 . [7][8][9][10] No que tange à influência da queima de biomassa, associada à colheita da cana-de-açúcar e ao desmatamento de áreas do cerrado e da floresta tropical amazônica, sobre a composição química do MP atmosférico, Allen et al 11 investigaram a composição iônica (inorgânica e orgânica) em amostras de MP fino (D a < 3,5 mm) e grosso (D a > 3,5 mm ) coletadas em área rural nas proximidade de Araraquara (SP) e Yamasoe et al 12 em amostras de MP fino (D a < 2,0 mm) e grosso (D a > 2,0 mm) coletadas, no período agosto-setembro, na Reserva Ecológica do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, ao sul de Brasília, e em Jamari (RO).…”