Multi-Scale Photoacoustic Assessment of Wound Healing Using Chitosan–Graphene Oxide Hemostatic Sponge

Abstract

Hemostasis is vital to save lives, reducing risks of organ failure and hemorrhagic shock. Exploring novel hemostatic materials and precise monitoring of the hemostatic status is of great importance for efficient hemostasis. We present the development of chitosan–graphene oxide-based hemostatic composite and multi-scale photoacoustic evaluation of the hemostatic performance. The hemostatic sponge can quickly and efficiently absorb the blood with its porous cavity and specific surficial property. We inspect the hemostatic performance via an in vitro blood absorption test and in vivo mouse bleeding injury experiments. Results show that the synthesized hemostatic sponge can not only absorb plasma in blood fast with its interior porous structure but also stimulate the interfacial reaction with erythrocytes and platelets. The superiority of multi-scale photoacoustic imaging for guiding, monitoring, and evaluating the hemostatic stages of sponges is demonstrated with high spatial resolution and great sensitivity at depths. Photoacoustic evaluation of a chitosan–graphene oxide-based hemostatic sponge has the potential to be transferred toward the clinical assessment of wound healing.

Heavy water coupling gel for short-wave infrared photoacoustic imaging

“…Future work will also include the 3D capability of commercial systems like the Vevo LAZR-X to obtain 3D PA and PE volume data with the HWG retaining contact with the tissue sample or animal. Reflection-mode PA systems with increased capabilities also have promise in clinical environments to aid in the diagnosis of superficial skin lesions relating to skin cancer or tracking the progression of wound healing 7 , 53 , 54 . Efforts are underway to incorporate HWG into a novel closed-loop reflection-mode PA system tailored for imaging skin lesions and monitoring wound healing.…”

“…Reflection-mode PA systems with increased capabilities also have promise in clinical environments to aid in the diagnosis of superficial skin lesions relating to skin cancer or tracking the progression of wound healing. 7,53,54 Efforts are underway to incorporate HWG into a novel closed-loop reflection-mode PA system tailored for imaging skin lesions and monitoring wound healing. A patent application has been issued for the HWG interface mechanism as described in this article.…”

Visualization of photothermal therapy by semiconducting polymer dots mediated photoacoustic detection in NIR II

“…For 2D PA signal acquisition in vivo, a multi-channel ultrasound data transceiver platform (Vantage128, Verasonics, WA, USA) with linear array ultrasound transducer (L11-4, Verasonics, WA, USA) was used. The system can realize multi-angle plane wave ultrasound imaging on transmit-receive mode with PA imaging functions [32].…”

Photoacoustic Imaging Probes for Theranostic Applications

“…Based on this nanostructure, in vivo microvasculature three-dimensional (3D) images of a mouse ear were conducted. In 2019, through conjugating folic acid (FA) on chitosan-functionalized graphene oxide nanomaterial, a PAI nanomaterial was developed by Lin and colleagues for the imaging of tumor in a mice model [ 46 ]. This chitosan–graphene oxide (Chi-GO)-based hemostatic sponge was tested for wound healing, and the results show that this material has fantastic absorption of blood plasma and induces interfacial reaction with platelets and erythrocytes too ( Figure 6 ).…”

“…In 2020, a rGO@GNS with lipid surface nanostructure was also developed for PAI-guided tumor therapy in pancreatic cancer, showing 66.3% photothermal conversion efficiency under 808 nm irradiation [ 48 ]. The folic acid on the surface of the material also contributed this material to be a gene carrier, as well as allowed the targeting of tumor cells for PAI and PTT/gene synergistic therapy [ 46 , 48 ]. The in vivo results from Jia et al show that PTT/gene group had 98.5% tumor growth inhibition rate, much higher compared to PTT (76.1%) or gene therapy (55.2%) only treated group depending on 808 nm laser (1.2 W cm −2 ) or K-Ras short hairpin RNA expression plasmid (Krasl) [ 48 ].…”