Multi-route transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare facilities

Feng, Baihuan; Xu, Kaijin; Gu, Silan; Zheng, Shufa; Zou, Qianda; Xu, Yan; Yu, Ling; Lou, Fangyuan; Yu, Fei; Jin, Tao; Li, Yuguo; Sheng, Jifang; Yen, Hui-Ling; Zhong, Zifeng; Wei, Jianjian; Chen, Yu

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123771

Cited by 73 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, the wide distribution of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA concentration in patients’ wastes (e.g. 10 3.4-7.6 genome copies/gram (GC/g) feces ( Cheung et al 2020 ),10 2.7-5.1 GC/g ( Pan et al 2020 )) and zero to 10 9.3 GC/mL ( Feng et al 2021 )) and changing viral load over the disease course ( Wolfel et al 2020 ) have presented challenges in using wastewater to estimate COVID-19 disease burden ( Wu et al 2020 ). Previous studies have reported rapid increasing of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration in wastewater at the rising limb of COVID-19 outbreaks in communities ( Medema et al 2020 , Randazzo et al 2020 , Ahmed et al 2020a , Peccia et al 2020 , Hata et al 2021 ), while few studies have investigated the temporal dynamics of wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the recession limb of an outbreak ( Graham et al 2021 , D'Aoust et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine-Scale Temporal Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Abundance in Wastewater during A COVID-19 Lockdown

Saingam

et al. 2021

Water Research

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Wastewater is a pooled sampling instrument that may provide rapid and even early disease signals in the surveillance of COVID-19 disease at the community level, yet the fine-scale temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater remains poorly understood. This study tracked the daily dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the wastewater from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Honolulu during a rapidly expanding COVID-19 outbreak and a responding four-week lockdown that resulted in a rapid decrease of daily clinical COVID-19 new cases. The wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration from both WWTPs, as measured by three quantification assays (N1, N2, and E), exhibited both significant inter-day fluctuations (10 1.2 -10 5.1 gene copies or GC/L in wastewater liquid fractions, or 10 1.4 -10 6.2 GC/g in solid fractions) and an overall downward trend over the lockdown period. Strong and significant correlation was observed in measured SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations between the solid and liquid wastewater fractions, with the solid fraction containing majority (82.5%-92.5%) of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA mass and the solid-liquid SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration ratios ranging from 10 3.6 to 10 4.3 mL/g. The measured wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration was normalized by three endogenous fecal RNA viruses (F + RNA coliphages Group II and III, and pepper mild mottle virus) to account for potential variations that may occur during the multi-step wastewater processing and molecular quantification, and the normalized abundance also exhibited similar daily fluctuations and overall downward trend.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine-Scale Temporal Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Abundance in Wastewater during A COVID-19 Lockdown

Saingam

et al. 2021

Water Research

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“…Other surfaces, such as the floor in the master bedroom and the second room, both carpeted and vacuum-cleaned, and the child’s highchair, cleaned with water, yielded signal but at lower concentrations (∼5, ∼20 and ∼125 copies/cm 2 , respectively). Comparing to samples gathered in hospitals, in Feng et al (2021) 38 copies/cm 2 were found at the patient’s bedside wall surface but lower concentrations in the toilet bowl and floor drainage (4 and 2 copies/cm 2 , respectively). In this study, samples gathered from the vinyl bathroom floor and living room floor, both cleaned with Cleaner 1, as well as the dinner table and kitchen counter (cleaned with Cleaner 3), yielded non-detects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Signal in a Home with COVID-19 Positive Occupants

Maestre

Jarma

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Although many COVID-19 patients quarantine and recover at home, the dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 onto surfaces and dust within the home environment remains poorly understood. To investigate the distribution and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in a quarantine home, samples were collected from a household with two confirmed COVID-19 cases (one adult and one child). Home surface swab and dust samples were collected two months after symptom onset (and one month after symptom resolution) in the household. The strength of the SARS-CoV-2 molecular signal in fomites varied as a function of sample location, surface material and cleaning practices. Notably, the SARS-CoV-2 RNA signal was detected at several locations throughout the household although cleaning appears to have attenuated the signal on many surfaces. Of the 24 surfaces sampled, 46% were SARS-CoV-2 positive at the time of sampling. The SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in dust recovered from floor and HVAC filter samples ranged from 104-105 N2 gene copies/g dust. While detection of viral RNA does not imply infectivity, this study confirms that the SARS-CoV-2 RNA signal can be detected at several locations within a COVID-19 quarantine home and can persist after symptoms have resolved. In addition, the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 (normalized per unit mass of dust) recovered in home HVAC filters may prove useful for estimating SARS-CoV-2 airborne levels in homes.

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“…Transmission of the virus among humans can occur via multiple routes: (1) close person-to-person contact, (2) bio-aerosol droplets, and (3) touching contaminated surfaces [ 35 ]. It is presumed that the virus is transmitted by respiratory droplets when symptomatic people sneeze or cough, expelling virus-containing droplets up to one meter in the air, which could land on mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or eyes of nearby people.…”

Section: Human-to-human Transmission Of Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Inclusive Review on SARS-CoV-2 Biology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Potential Management Options

et al. 2021

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A novel coronavirus member was reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, at the end of the year 2019. Initially, the infection spread locally, affecting the Wuhan people, and then expanded rapidly throughout the world. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed it a global pandemic. The virus is a new strain most closely related to a bat coronavirus (RaTG13) which was not previously discovered in humans and is now formally known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the disease syndrome that the SARS-CoV-2 virus triggers. It is suggested that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through aerosols, direct/indirect contact, and also during medical procedures and specimen handling. The infection is characterized by isolated flu-like symptoms, but there may be specific signs of fever, fatigue, cough, and shortness of breath, as well as the loss of smell and breathing difficulty. Within this report, we tried to review the most current scientific literature published by January 2021 on various aspects of the outbreak, including virus structure, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, potential therapeutics and vaccines, and prospects. We hope this article makes a beneficial impact on public education to better deal with the SARS-CoV-2 crisis and push a step forward in the near term towards its prevention and control.

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Multi-route transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare facilities

Abstract: Graphical abstract

Cited by 73 publications

References 22 publications

Fine-Scale Temporal Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Abundance in Wastewater during A COVID-19 Lockdown

Fine-Scale Temporal Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Abundance in Wastewater during A COVID-19 Lockdown

Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Signal in a Home with COVID-19 Positive Occupants

The Inclusive Review on SARS-CoV-2 Biology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Potential Management Options

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