“…Due to the rapid development of science and technology, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have demonstrated remarkable performances, such as simple structure, high power density, and high efficiency. Because of these advantages, it has been extensively employed in various industrial regions, such as electric vehicles, intelligent robots, and industrial automation [1]. At the same time, PMSMs are also a challenging control object with nonlinearity, strong coupling, and multiple variables, making it vulnerable to the effects of unmodeled dynamics, parameter changes, and load disturbances [2], [3].…”