Multi-photon high-excitation-energy approach to fibre grating inscription

Abstract

Amongst the most important and frequently used fibre devices, fibre Bragg and long-period gratings are conventionally fabricated by low-intensity (I < 107 W cm−2) UV quanta with an energy of about 5 eV, which coincides with the maximum of the absorption band of defects in germanosilicate glass (the usual material of a fibre core). Such a single-quantum photochemical technique produces refractive index changes in the fibre core and not in the fibre cladding. The use of single-quantum excitation with high-energy vacuum UV photons with 157 nm wavelength or two-quantum 193 nm excitation through the real intermediate state results in a higher excitation energy (7.9 and 12.8 eV, respectively) and significantly increases the efficiency of grating inscription. However, neither of these high-energy approaches is free of disadvantages: the 157 nm radiation is strongly absorbed by practically all optical materials and even by air; the application of the second approach is based on the existence of an intermediate state, i.e. presence of absorption at the irradiation wavelength. The new multi-photon high-excitation-energy approach to fibre grating fabrication is based on refractive index change modification by high-intensity (I ∼ 1011–1013 W cm−2) femtosecond UV, near-UV or IR laser radiation applied to fibre, which acquires a total excitation energy of about 8–12 eV via two-, three- or even five-photon (through the intermediate virtual state/states) absorption processes. Such a high value of excitation energy exceeds the band-gap energy values for both the fibre core and the cladding, which could result in asymmetric light energy deposition inside the fibre and even inside the fibre core. We will consider the advantages of this novel technique such as grating fabrication in fibres of any content, including photonic crystal ones; the writing of extremely stable gratings with erasing temperatures above 1000 °C; the point-by-point inscription of Bragg gratings, including non-uniform ‘chirped’ ones; the creation of fibre gratings with high polarization properties; etc.

Transverse propagation of ultraviolet and infrared femtosecond laser pulses in photonic crystal fibers

“…More recent methods for grating inscription use femtosecond pulse lasers at both UV and IR wavelengths. Owing to the high peak power in short laser pulses, the refractive index change can even be induced in non-photosensitive fibers via one or more multi-photon absorption processes [4]. Harmonics of a Ti:Sapphire laser at UV 267nm [5] and IR 800nm [6] are commonly used for that purpose.…”

“…Harmonics of a Ti:Sapphire laser at UV 267nm [5] and IR 800nm [6] are commonly used for that purpose. In the first case the refractive index change is induced by a two photon absorption process, while in the latter it involves a five photon absorption process [4].…”

Femtosecond pulse written fiber gratings: a new avenue to integrated fiber technology

“…Such gratings are therefore called Type I-IR by some [82]. However, if the inscribing wavelength lies in the UV, one-photon processes compete with nonlinear absorption [83,84]. Thus, a sub-classification does not make much sense here.…”

Point-by-point inscription of 250-nm-period structure in bulk fused silica by tightly-focused femtosecond UV pulses: experiment and numerical modeling

“…Such a multi-photon approach can employ the different wavelengths and different numbers of photons in one elementary absorbing act [14], so facilitating inscription inside various non-photosensitive optical materials. It is also known that the propagation of a femtosecond 800 nm pulse inside a bulk dielectric (e.g.…”

“…However, shifting the wavelength of the inscribing Ti:sapphire laser radiation into the UV range (e.g. to 267 nm with simultaneous decrease in the order of absorption process from five-photon to two-photon [14]) immediately makes it possible to record structures with even smaller periods. Such a development is very important, for example, for the point-by-point fabrication of first-order Bragg gratings possessing a peak reflectance wavelength of ∼1 µm.…”