The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of
mode-division and spatial-division optical fiber sensors, mainly
encompassing interferometers and advanced fiber gratings. Compared
with their single-mode counterparts, which have a very mature field
with many highly successful commercial applications, multimodal
configurations have developed more recently with advances in fiber
device fabrication and novel mode control devices. Multimodal fiber
sensors considerably widen the range of possible sensing modalities
and provide opportunities for increased accuracy and performance in
conventional fiber sensing applications. Recent progress in these
areas is attested by sharp increases in the number of publications and
a rise in technology readiness level. In this paper, we first review
the fundamental operating principles of such multimodal optical fiber
sensors. We then report on the theoretical formalism and simulation
procedures that allow for the prediction of the spectral changes and
sensing response of these sensors. Finally, we discuss some recent
cutting-edge applications, mainly in the physical and (bio)chemical
fields. This paper provides both a step-by-step guide relevant for
non-specialists entering in the field and a comprehensive review of
advanced techniques for more skilled practitioners.