Multi-objective MILP model for distribution systems reliability optimization: A lightning protection system design approach

Bretãs, Arturo S.; Cabral, Roberto J.; Leborgne, Roberto Chouhy; Ferreira, Gustavo Dorneles; Morales, John

doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.12.006

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The findings from these studies contribute to enhancing the overall reliability and effectiveness of the distribution system. Figure 1 and Figure 2 depict improvements and proposed combinations of pole structures and grounding system types in previous studies, which were modeled and simulated to determine the lightning current threshold for flashover in a given LPS [17,18]. Fig.…”

Section: System Transients Modelling Against Lightningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2. Grounding topologies [17,18] Renewable energy is recognized for its ability to assist in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, thereby imposing a restraint on extreme weather and climate consequences. Furthermore, it guarantees heightened reliability, promptness, and economical distribution of energy [19].…”

Section: System Transients Modelling Against Lightningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To decrease the frequency of lightning strikes and minimize the induced voltages from external sources in overhead distribution feeders, it is suggested by Cabral et al, [17], Bretas et al, [18] and Comassetto et al, [22] to place a shielded guard wire close to the phase conductors. Based on the characteristic parameters of the first return stroke current, it is possible to estimate the failure rate of the feeder caused by direct and indirect lightning strikes.…”

Section: Failure Rate Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Overview of Distribution System Reliability Optimization Against Lightning

Jia-Wen Tang,

Chin-Leong Wooi,

Wen-Shan Tan

2024

ARASET

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The reliability of the distribution system relies on the occurrence of lightning phenomena, which can significantly affect the distribution of electricity and result in power service disruptions. Therefore, ensuring the reliability of the distribution system is an ongoing challenge that necessitates continuous research for optimal solutions. Researchers have always developed solutions that are always up to date by leveraging advancements in mathematics, engineering technology, and management strategies. This paper presents a comprehensive summary and discussion of various optimization models for enhancing system reliability. It offers an overview of commonly employed mathematical programming techniques and algorithms for Lightning Protection Systems (LPSs), while also highlighting the influence of lightning phenomena on these solutions. The focus of this paper is to present the engineering aspects behind the development of modern LPSs. It encompasses historical reliability data, technical limitations, and economic considerations. By utilizing operations research and optimization theory, researchers have been able to devise more effective approaches for addressing reliability issues, even in highly intricate systems across different domains. Technological advancements have prompted researchers to adopt a new perspective on solving reliability problems, based on practical engineering requirements. In conclusion, the continuous progress in mathematics, engineering technology, and management approaches has enabled researchers to tackle the challenges associated with distribution system reliability. This paper serves as a valuable resource, providing insights into the development of modern LPSs and offering guidance on optimizing system reliability in various practical engineering scenarios.

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Section: System Transients Modelling Against Lightningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: System Transients Modelling Against Lightningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Failure Rate Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Overview of Distribution System Reliability Optimization Against Lightning

Jia-Wen Tang,

Chin-Leong Wooi,

Wen-Shan Tan

2024

ARASET

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“…A través de la utilización de la metodología presentada las empresas de distribución de energía eléctrica pueden conocer para cada posible combinación los indicadores de confiabilidad SAIFI y MAIFIE con la inversión y obtener mejoras significativas de sus redes de distribución. En este trabajo se utiliza un sistema reducido de 4 barras a modo de "validar y demostrar la eficacia del modelo PLIMM" mediante la verificación de la convergencia de resultados respecto de las metas y objetivos propuestos, siendo que en el trabajo [28] se analizó la sensibilidad del modelo PLIMM ante la variación de diversos parámetros.…”

Section: Conclusionesunclassified

Optimización de la confiabilidad en redes de distribución frente a las descargas atmosféricas - Un estudio de caso

et al. 2020

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Este trabajo presenta la aplicación práctica de un modelo de optimización para ser utilizado como Sistema de Protección contra las Descargas Atmosféricas (SPDA) y que busca minimizar los indicadores de confiabilidad dado por las interrupciones momentáneas y permanentes en las redes de distribución, mejorandolos costos de inversión. El modelo matemático de optimización considera la selección de diferentes tipos de estructuras: 1-estructura normal sin blindaje; y 2-estructuras con blindaje vinculado a un sistema de puesta a tierra. La función objetivo de optimización considera restricciones que incluyen aspectos técnicos y económicos de la implementación del SPDA. Además, se presenta un estudio de caso en el que se considera un alimentador de distribución de prueba de 4 barras. Los resultados de la prueba destacan la generalidad del modelo matemático de optimización y se ilustran la potencialidad de la aplicación en sistemas de distribución reales. Es importante resaltar que la metodología de optimización es usada actualmente por una Concesionaria de Energía Eléctrica como una herramienta orientada a la Confiabilidad de sistemas de distribución considerando diferentes tipos de estructuras como SPDA.

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“…The effects of lightning strikes on WTGs can be classified into two categories: direct and indirect effects [77,78]. Direct effects of lightning strikes range from burning and erosion to damage of the WTG structure due to arc attachment.…”

Section: Lightning Protection System Of Wind Turbine Generatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Analysis of Earthing System for Wind Turbine Generators from Lightning Discharge Currents

Deshagoni¹

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<p>Currently, wind power production is undergoing rapid growth due to the escalating interest in green energy generation. As a result, generators are now choosing to locate wind turbine generators (WTGs) in areas where there is more lightning activity, and earthing problems can be exacerbated further by the soil resistivity being higher than where turbines are usually located. In addition, the desire to capture more energy from the wind has given way to larger WTGs, further increasing the probability of lightning strikes to the structure. This heightened regularity has emphasized the need for an effective grounding system, capable of dissipating the large currents discharged by the lightning into the lightning protection system. This “effective grounding system” must offer a low impedance by limiting the ground potential rise, which is critical due to the wider frequency content of the lightning discharge currents (ranging from DC to several MHz). The design of an effective grounding system for WTGs depends on the calculation of the minimum length of the earth electrodes, soil resistivity and its frequency-dependency, and the impact of WTG foundation. The calculation of the length of earth electrodes needs an accurate measurement of soil resistivity and modeling of the measured resistivity. Hence, this research considers the measured soil resistivity values of an Australian wind farm and presents an analysis of the soil stratification to identify the optimum soil models. The influence of the soil layers on the WTG grounding system is also investigated to install the earth electrodes. As the resistivity of the soil is frequency-dependent, an analysis is performed to evaluate the effect of the frequency-dependent soil parameters on the WTG grounding system at various frequencies of lightning discharge current. In addition, the impact of the rebar of the WTG foundation on the grounding system is evaluated as the rebar shares the lightning discharge currents. The effective length of the earth electrodes is frequency-dependent, and rebar determines the impedance of the grounding system at high-frequencies. The next step in the grounding design is the design of earth electrodes. The current dissipating capacity of the earth electrodes depends on soil resistivity, dimensions of the earth electrodes, and burial depth of the electrodes. However, the traditional practice of designing earth electrodes is based on the soil resistivity alone, considering the uniform soil resistivity model. The conventional method of designing earth electrodes based on the uniform soil resistivity is not practical due to non-homogeneous behavior of the soil resistivity. To enhance the WTG earthing system design, this research proposes a novel method to calculate the minimum length of an earth electrode for uniform and two-layer based soil models considering electrode dimensions and burial depth. The grounding impedance achieved when electrode lengths are calculated using the proposed method is compared to grounding impedance values computed using the conventional method. This comparison shows that the proposed method is an improvement on the current convention. In particular, the proposed method gives a grounding impedance value of less than 10 Ω at low frequencies for all soil resistivity values. This results in a reduction in the potential rise of up to 64% compared to the peak potential value in the conventional method. The benefits offered by the proposed method mean that it can be employed to calculate electrode lengths for the required resistance values based on soil resistivity, electrode dimensions, and burial depth. Such a design may serve as a starting point for an engineer wishing to design a WTG earthing system. Another challenge noted is the practice of assessing the effectiveness of the WTG grounding system. The conventional method is based on achieving a low-frequency resistance of 10 Ω according to the standard IEC 61400-24 and the performance of the grounding system at high frequencies is not considered. Hence, identification of the high-frequency components of the relevant lightning discharge currents is important to understand the performance of the grounding system. An analysis of the wind turbine earthing system for different lightning discharge current wave shapes is performed considering the lightning current waveforms and parameters mentioned in the IEC 61400-24 standard and evaluated the various frequency components and their influence on the WTG grounding system. It is identified that the impedance of the grounding system is minimum for the first short positive stroke current parameters for all the soil resistivity values compared to the first short negative and the subsequent short current wave shapes, although the peak current magnitude is highest for this wave shape. From the analysis of WTG grounding system based on various parameters, this research presents a procedure for assessing the effectiveness of WTG lightning protection system with a focus on the grounding system. It is identified that the effectiveness of the grounding system can be improved by proper design of earth electrodes, optimum soil stratification, and selecting low resistivity soil sites. Finally, various earth electrode configurations are evaluated to identify the better electrode configuration for WTG grounding system. This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of WTG grounding systems to protect WTGs from lightning strikes. The contributions of this research will help wind farm architects to design effective grounding systems leading to effective lightning protection systems. Finally, the contributions will help to increase the adoption of wind power, resulting in more renewable energy generation. The outcome of this research can be realized to reduce the downtime of WTGs by incorporating the effectiveness of lightning protection system component into the wind farm optimization process. Also, a generalized procedure for calculating the minimum length of earth electrodes for all the soil models can be developed in the future.</p>

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Multi-objective MILP model for distribution systems reliability optimization: A lightning protection system design approach

Cited by 20 publications

References 24 publications

Overview of Distribution System Reliability Optimization Against Lightning

Overview of Distribution System Reliability Optimization Against Lightning

Optimización de la confiabilidad en redes de distribución frente a las descargas atmosféricas - Un estudio de caso

Design and Analysis of Earthing System for Wind Turbine Generators from Lightning Discharge Currents

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