Multi-Mycotoxin Screening Reveals the Occurrence of 139 Different Secondary Metabolites in Feed and Feed Ingredients

Streit, Elisabeth; Schwab, Christina; Sulyok, Michael; Naehrer, Karin; Krska, Rudolf; Schatzmayr, Gerd

doi:10.3390/toxins5030504

Cited by 265 publications

(263 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…The method used for these analyses showed a good sensitivity with LOD in the range 1 -10 µg/kg for ZEN and its derivatives. Streit et al (2013) analysed 83 samples of feed and feed raw materials for the co-occurrence of mycotoxins. A multi-mycotoxin approach was followed, also including the determination of DON3Glc, ZEN14Glc and ZEN14Sulf forms.…”

Section: Modified Forms Of Zearalenonementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

121

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Following a request from the European Commission, the risks to human and animal health related to modified forms of the Fusarium toxins zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins were evaluated. Modified (often called “masked”) mycotoxins are metabolites of the parent mycotoxin formed in the plant or fungus, e.g. by conjugation with polar compounds. Fumonisins, which are difficult to extract from the plant matrix, are also termed modified mycotoxins. The CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to assess human exposure to modified forms of the various toxins in addition to the parent compounds, because many modified forms are hydrolysed into the parent compounds or released from the matrix during digestion. For modified forms of zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins, 100 %, 30 %, 10 % and 60 % were added, respectively based on reports on the relative contribution of modified forms. The same factors were used for animal exposure from feed. In the absence of specific toxicity data, toxicity equal to the parent compounds was assumed for modified mycotoxins. Risk characterization was done by comparing exposure scenarios with reference doses of the parent compounds. In humans, all lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) mean and 95th percentile exposures to the sum of modified and parent toxins were below the respective provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDIs) and tolerable daily intakes (TDIs), with two exceptions: for zearalenone and modified zearalenone the UB 95th percentile exposure was up to 2.2‐fold the TDI. For fumonisins and modified fumonisins the exposure of toddlers and other children exceeded the PMTDI at both the LB and the UB estimates, which could be of concern. For farm animal species and pets the exposure to the sum of modified and parent toxins was in general not of concern. The risk in fish could not be addressed. The CONTAM Panel identified several uncertainties and data gaps for modified mycotoxins.

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Section: Modified Forms Of Zearalenonementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

121

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“…Moreover, results highlighted the presence of considerable differences regarding the type and prevalence of mycotoxin contamination in different regions of the world, confirming that contamination is strongly dependent on regional climatic conditions [10,14,[17][18][19][20][21][22]. Differences in mycotoxin occurrence and concentration between distant geographical areas are uncontroversial.…”

Section: Mycotoxin Occurrence In Wheatmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Another important point highlighted from mycotoxin researches is that mycotoxin co-contamination is more the rule than the exception. Several studies reported a high incidence of multi-mycotoxin contamination in cereals and agricultural commodities [10,14,[17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Mycotoxin Occurrence In Wheatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, recent studies provided increased evidence for the presence of modified Fusarium mycotoxins and so-called emerging mycotoxins, particularly enniatins [15,16]. Multi-mycotoxin contamination is the most common type of contamination [10,14,[17][18][19][20][21][22]. This is a topic of great concern, as co-contaminated samples might still exert adverse health effects due to additive/synergistic interactions of the mycotoxins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxins in Wheat and Mitigation Measures

Cheli¹,

Pinotti²,

Novacco³

et al. 2017

Wheat Improvement, Management and Utilization

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Latest estimates for world cereal production in 2015 and EU-28 production in 2014 are approximately 2540 and 323 mil tons, respectively. The FAO estimated that the global wheat consumption is about 66 kg/per capita. Among the most important risks associated with wheat consumption are mycotoxins. It has been estimated that up to 25% of the world's crops grown for food and feed may be contaminated with mycotoxins. Despite efforts in controlling fungal growth, mycotoxin co-contamination represents an unavoidable risk, occurring pre-and postharvest and resulting in reduced nutritional value and possible risks for human and animal health. In addition to health risks, mycotoxins have a detrimental effect on the quality and the processing performance of wheat. Mitigation measures to manage the challenge of mycotoxins in wheat include strategies at pre-and postharvest. Preharvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors and good agronomic/cultural practices, whereas storage and processing are the major areas where contamination can be prevented at postharvest. Integrating as many management options as possible may minimize the risk of mycotoxin contamination in wheat and wheat products.

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“…De todas las micotoxinas, se han estudiado muy pocas, aunque existe una gran cantidad (Streit et al 2013). Los efectos de estas moléculas son varios, e incluyen los teratogénicos, citotóxicos, apoptóticos, genotóxicos, carcinogénicos, inmunodepresores, hepatotóxicos, entre otros (Duarte & Villamil 2006).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Presencia de hongos y contaminación con micotoxinas en ensilajes para alimentación de rumiantes. Artículo de Revisión

Solís¹

2016

Ciencias Veterinarias

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Diversos estudios han identificado el crecimiento de hongos en forrajes ensilados para alimentar rumiantes domésticos, capaces de producir toxinas de importancia para la salud pública y animal.<br />El objetivo de esta revisión es recopilar los resultados de diversas investigaciones que identificaron hongos y micotoxinas con riesgo conocido en ensilajes de diversos materiales en varias regiones del mundo utilizados para alimentar rumiantes. En segundo lugar, describir las especies de hongos más comúnmente identificadas por diversos autores en alimentos ensilados para rumiantes, y los factores que favorecen su presencia y desarrollo, con la consecuente producción de micotoxinas. Por último, describir algunas medidas para prevenir la contaminación de los ensilajes con micotoxinas, y se muestra la necesidad de realizar investigaciones relacionadas con la presencia de micotoxinas en alimentos para rumiantes en Costa Rica.<br />Los principales efectos en rumiantes de las micotoxinas encontradas en los ensilajes se asocian a alteraciones reproductivas y del sistema inmunológico, así como del sistema digestivo. Los principales géneros identificados en los estudios revisados alrededor del mundo son Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp y Aspergillus spp. Diversos estudios reportan la contaminación de ensilajes principalmente con aflatoxinas (AFB1), fumonisinas (FB1), tricotecenos (DON, T2) y zearalenona. Factores como la presencia de oxígeno durante el ensilaje, la temperatura ambiental, el embalado y el manejo postcosecha de los forrajes tienen una importancia notable como facilitadores del desarrollo de los hongos y la consecuente producción de toxinas.

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Multi-Mycotoxin Screening Reveals the Occurrence of 139 Different Secondary Metabolites in Feed and Feed Ingredients

Cited by 265 publications

References 85 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Mycotoxins in Wheat and Mitigation Measures

Presencia de hongos y contaminación con micotoxinas en ensilajes para alimentación de rumiantes. Artículo de Revisión

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